Psychology Chapters 6-8

Front 1

Punishment (operant conditioning)

Back 1

Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
EX: When a rat or pigeon presses lever on skinner box it recieves a brief shock.
Punishment typically involves presentation of an averse stimulus (spanking a child), or the removal of a rewarding stimulus(taking away a childs tv watching privlages)

Front 2

Negative Reinforcement Vs. Punishment

Back 2

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby strengthening a response. Where as punishment involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus thereby weakening a response

Front 3

Elizabeth Thompson Vs. Gershoff

Back 3

Elizabeth Thompson is totally against child punishment through abuse, whereas Gershoff says its okay if its a mild and infrequent spanking

Front 4

How to make punishment effective

Back 4

1. Apply punishment swiftly
2. use punishment just severe enough to be effective
3. Make punishment consistent
4. Explain the punishment
5. Use noncorporal punishments such as withdrawal of privaleges.

Front 5

Martin Seligman

Back 5

Sickness due to steak and bernaise sauce. ON th eone hand, it appeared to be the straightforward result of classical confitioning, on the other he recognized that his aversion to bernaise sauce seemed to violate certain basic principles of condition.

Front 6

John Garcia

Back 6

Solved Martin Seligman's bearnaise syndrome. Found that when taste cues were followed by nausea, rats quickly acquired conditioned tast aversions. Found it was almost impossible to create certain associations, whereas taste-nausea associrations (and ordor nausea associations) were atmost impossible to prevent. Found that animals that consume poisonous foods and survive must learn not to repeat their mistakes.-Evolution may have biologically programmed some organis,s to learn certain types of associations more then others.

Front 7

Preparedness (Martin Seligman)

Back 7

involves speicies-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others. Seligman believes that preparedness can explain why certain phobias are more common than others. The anwswer is that evolutionary forces gradually wired the human brain to acquire conditioned fears of these stimuli easily and rapidly

Front 8

Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka

Back 8

elaborated on preparedness and outlined the key elements which they called an evolved module for fear learning:
1. Preferentially activated by stimulie related to survival threats in evolutionary history
2.automatically activated by these stimuli
3. relatively resistant to conscious efforts to suppress the resulting fears
4. dependent on neural circuitry running through the amygdala

Front 9

Michael Domjan

Back 9

-Arbitrary stimuli
-says conditioning is an adaptive process that routinely occurs under natural circumstances in service of reproductive fitness

Front 10

Edward Tollman

Back 10

First psychologist to chip away at the conventional view of learning.
-Conducted study: of three groups of food depreived rats that had learned to run a complicated maze over a series of once a day trials.
Group A recieve food rewards, their performance of running the maze gradually improve. The rats in Group B did not receive food rewards and the group showed modest improvements. The rats in group C recieved food on the 11th trial, where they showed sharp imporvement after little to none before. Tollman conluded that the rats in group C had been learning about the maze all along, just as much as rats in Group A but they had no motivation till food was produced. Tollman called this latened learning- learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs. This showed that they can learn in the abscence of a reinforcement, second that the rats who displayed latent leanring and had formed a cognitive map of th emaze at a time when cognitive processes were thgouht to be irrelevant to understanding conditioning even in humans.

Front 11

Robert Rescoria

Back 11

-Cognitive Factors in conditioning
-asserts that environmental stimuli serve as signals and that some stimuli are better or more dependable, signals than others.
He manipulated signal relations in classical conditioning-that is CS-US relations that influence whether a CS is a good signal. A good signal is one that allows accurate prediction of the US.
-Manipulate the predictive value of the conditioned stimulus-by varying the proportion of trials in which the CS and US are paired.
-From testing the two he found the CS elicits a much stronger respone in the 100% CS-US groups rather then the 50%.

Front 12

Observational Learning

Back 12

occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models.
-Bandura stresses that both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning.

-Albert Bandura

Front 13

Four key processes crucial in observational learning

Back 13

1. Attention-to learn through observavtion you must pay attention to anothers behavior and its consequences
2.Retention-you must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory
3. Reproduction-converting your stored mental images into observable behavior
4. Motivation

Front 14

Media Violence

Back 14

Exposure to tv and movie violence increases the likelihood of physical aggression, verbal aggression, aggressive thoughts, and aggressive emotions in both children and adults

-* Violence in video games is even greater.

Front 15

Behavior Modification

Back 15

systematic apprach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.
-Actually do work and proven sucessful in childcare facilities and prisons and such.

Front 16

Self- Modification Program

Back 16

1. Specify you target behavior
2.gather baseline data
3. Design your program
4. Execute and evaluate your program
5. Bring your program to an end

Front 17

beahvioral contract

Back 17

a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a beahvior modification program