Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

social cognition

Back 1

how we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations.

Front 2

person perception

Back 2

refers to the mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.

Front 3

halo effect

Back 3

a cognitive bias in which the impression we form about a quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities.

Front 4

attribution

Back 4

process of people explaining the cause of their own and other people's behaviour.

Front 5

personal attribution

Back 5

explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved, such as personality, ability attitude, mood or effort.

Front 6

Situational attribution

Back 6

explanation due to factors external to the person involved.

Front 7

fundamental attribution error

Back 7

tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate he impact of situational factors on other people's behaviour.

Front 8

actor-observer bias

Back 8

refers to our tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external cases, yet attribute others behaviour to internal factors.

Front 9

self-serving bias

Back 9

tendency to take credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors.

Front 10

attitude

Back 10

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.

Front 11

tri-component model of attitudes

Back 11

proposes that any attitude has three related components - affective, behavioural and cognitive.

Front 12

affective component

Back 12

the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue.q

Front 13

behavioural component

Back 13

the way our attitude is expressed through our actions.

Front 14

cognitive component

Back 14

he beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.

Front 15

strength of the attitude

Back 15

the stronger the attitude the more likely it will be stable and consistent over time and influence behaviour.

Front 16

accessibility of the attitude

Back 16

a strong attitude that easily comes to mind, has been thought about and has been stored in memory ready to use. `

Front 17

social context of the attitude

Back 17

whether an attitude leads to an actual behaviour may be dependent on the specific situation a person finds themselves in.

Front 18

perceived control over the behaviour

Back 18

belief that an individual has the choice to perform or not to perform behaviour linked to an attitude.

Front 19

classical conditioning

Back 19

simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli.

Front 20

operant conditioning

Back 20

learning through repeating behaviour that has a desirable consequence and tend not to repeat behaviour that has an undesirable consequence.

Front 21

social learning

Back 21

modifying attitudes by observing other people particularly people who we respect and admire.

Front 22

repeated exposure

Back 22

forming an attitude by being exposed to an object, person, group, event or issue repeatedly.

Front 23

mere exposure effect

Back 23

describes the increase in liking for an attitude, object, person, group, event or issue repeatedly.

Front 24

stereotypes

Back 24

collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members.

Front 25

ingroup

Back 25

any group you belong to

Front 26

outgroup

Back 26

any group you don't identify with

Front 27

prejudice

Back 27

holding a negative attitude towards members of a group solely because of their membership in that group.

Front 28

old-fashioned prejudice

Back 28

form of prejudice where members of the majority group openly reject minority group members.

Front 29

modern prejudice

Back 29

form of prejudice which is more subtely, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group.

Front 30

discrimination

Back 30

positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members.

Front 31

direct discrimination

Back 31

occurs when someone is treated unfavourably because of a personal characteristic.

Front 32

indirect discrimination

Back 32

occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic.

Front 33

distinguishing between prejudice and discrimination

Back 33

basic difference is prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is behaviour arising from prejudice.