Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

Operations

Back 1

Mental actions that follow systematic, logical rules.

Front 2

Preoperational stage:

Back 2

Piaget's second stage of development in which children ages 2-7 do not yet have logical thought and instead think magically and egocentrically.

This stage is largely defined by what it does not have. Operations.

Front 3

Intuitive thought

Back 3

According to Piaget the beginning forms of logic developing during the preoperational stage

Front 4

Transductive reasoning

Back 4

Thought that connects one particular observation to another by creating causal links where none exist.

Front 5

Egocentrism

Back 5

The inability to see or understand things from someone else's perspective.

Front 6

Why is language an important development?

Back 6

Because it indicates that a child can use symbols. There is considerable limitations to thought though.

Front 7

Animism (Thinking in preoperational)

Back 7

Giving human characteristics such as thought and intention, to inanimate objects or natural things

Front 8

Conservation (Cognitive skill that is NOT in preoperational)

Back 8

understanding that a basic quantity of something (amount, volume, mass) remains the same regardless of changes in appearance.

Front 9

Centration

Back 9

Focusing on only one aspect of a situation

Front 10

Decenter

Back 10

The ability to think about more than one aspect of a situation at a time.

Front 11

What is Les Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development?

Back 11

He sees are learning coming from interaction between children and those with whom they have contact. Culture based learning. They learn from those more knowledgeable than themselves.

Front 12

What is the Zone of Proximal development? (Vygotsky)

Back 12

The concept that people learn best when you challenge them with tasks that are only a bit out of their current abilities. Learning can be enhanced by those with greater knowledge than themselves.

Front 13

What is 'Scaffolding?' (Vygotsky)

Back 13

Providing support so they child can reach was it just out of their reach.

Front 14

What is Attention in early childhood a predictor of?

Back 14

Children who are better able to sustain attention were show to be more academically prepared and able to complete a college education by age 25

Front 15

Encoding processes

Back 15

The transformation processes through which new information is stored in long term memory

Front 16

Scripts

Back 16

Memory for the way a common occurrence in one's life such as grocery shopping takes place

Front 17

Working memory

Back 17

The amount of information we can actively hold in our conscious mind at one time.

Front 18

Do children years 5 and 6 use memory encoding techniques

Back 18

NOPE.

Front 19

Social cognition

Back 19

The ways we use cognitive processes to understand our social world

Front 20

Theory of mind

Back 20

The ability to understand self and others as agents who act on the basis of their mental states.

Front 21

False memories in preschoolers

Back 21

Easily influenced. Children can be made to think they have experienced or seen something they have not.

Front 22

Mindblindness

Back 22

The inability to understand and theorize about other people's thoughts

Front 23

False belief

Back 23

The understanding that someone else may believe something that a child knows to be untrue

Front 24

False belief paridgm

Back 24

An experimental task used to assess a child's understanding that others may believes something the child knows to be untrue.

Front 25

Discovery learning

Back 25

An approach to teaching that emphasizes allowing children to discover for themselves new information and understanding.

Front 26

Does play influence learning?

Back 26

Yes children not only have fun while playing but it is a huge influence in learning.

Front 27

Practice Play

Back 27

Performing a certain behavior repitively for the mere pleasure of it

Front 28

Symbolic/sociodramatic play

Back 28

Using symbolic representations and imagination for play

Front 29

Games with rules

Back 29

Making up rules for a game or playing games with preestablished rules

Front 30

Constructive play

Back 30

Building or making something for the purposes of play.

Front 31

Private speech

Back 31

Talking to oneself often out loud, to guide one's own actions

Front 32

Telegraphic speech: (Langauge development EC)

Back 32

A stage in language development in which children only use the words necessary to get their point across and omit small words that are not necessary.

Front 33

Egocentric speech

Back 33

A limitation of young children's communication due to their inability to take the perspective of other people into account.

Front 34

Egocentric speech vs. private speech

Back 34

Piaget believed that kids couldn't take into account others peoples roles. The assumed they knew/saw what they knew/saw.

Vygostky believes that this speech is more of a way to self guide. Vygotskys holds up more than Piagets.

Front 35

Does directly correcting a child's language help him develop?

Back 35

No. Best way to promote development is to talk frequently, model correct language usage, elaborate on what the child says.

Front 36

What is more effective in terms of learning to read? Flashcards or dialogic reading/

Back 36

Dialogic reading.

Front 37

Emergent literacy

Back 37

The set of skills that develop before children begin formal reading instruction, which provide the foundation for later academic skills

Front 38

Dialogic Reading

Back 38

A technique used to facilitate early literacy which involves an adult and a child looking at a book together while the adult asks questions and encourages a dialogue followed by switching roles so thechild asks questions of the adult.

Front 39

Approximate number system

Back 39

An intuitive sense of quantity that appears innate.

Front 40

Does invented writing slow down the learning to write process>?

Back 40

NO IT DOES NOT. IT ENHANCES.

Front 41

What are the effect of poverty on cognitive and language development int early childhood.

Back 41

Less resources. Teachers think they have worse chance of succeeding. By the time kids are in kindergarten, those in poverty and already significantly behind those not.

Front 42

Preschool is more effective when?

Back 42

It is of high quality proper stimulation. Proper teacher student ration. Proper compensation for teachers/