Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

learning is involved in most things psychologists study

Back 1

learning - permanent change resulted from experience

Front 2

stimulus

Back 2

anything that causes a reaction

Front 3

classical condtioning

Back 3

old response; new stimulus

Front 4

target behavior

Back 4

triggered by a particular stimulus (causes the response)

Front 5

neutral stimulus (NS)

*neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus when response is successful (usually same)*

Back 5

normally not responded to (normal thing)

Front 6

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 6

thing you responded to before you were taught to (automatic response)

Front 7

unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 7

normal

Front 8

conditioned response (CR)

Back 8

learned reaction

Front 9

UCS + NS =

Back 9

CR (so, NS becomes CS)

Front 10

Ivan Pavlov

Back 10

scientist who is most often associated with classical conditioned. experimented on a dog's reaction to the drama of food. *continue*

Front 11

What is the UCS in this scenario?

Back 11

food

Front 12

what is the UCR in this scenario?

Back 12

salivate

Front 13

what is the NS?

Back 13

bell

Front 14

what is the CS?

Back 14

bell

Front 15

what is the CR?

Back 15

salivate to bell alone

Front 16

Acquisition

Back 16

strengthen the CR

Front 17

generalization

Back 17

same reaction to similar objects

(in the scenario above, a buzzer would be this)

Front 18

****** discrimination

Back 18

tell the difference and not respond (???)

Front 19

extinction

Back 19

gone; not totally gone, just not there

Front 20

spontaneous recovery

Back 20

may come back (weaker)

Front 21

little albert

Back 21

was afraid of rats

Front 22

what should the have done to little albert

Back 22

counter-condition (undo)

Front 23

taste aversion

Back 23

response to something that once made you sick

Front 24

behavioral theory

Back 24

(discriminating) stimulus

V

response

V

(reinforcing stimulus) reinforcement

Front 25

operant conditioning

Back 25

learn from consequences

Front 26

what does the consequence determine

Back 26

if response is likely or unlikely to happen again

Front 27

what are the results of a consequence

Back 27

consequence of a behavior can be a "reward" or "punishment"

Front 28

b.f. skinner

Back 28

behaviorism

"everything we do and are is determined by our history of rewards and punishments"

Front 29

reinforcement

Back 29

strengthens or increases probability of a response or behavior

Front 30

classical conditioning

Back 30

reinforcement (food) + response (saliva)

Front 31

operant conditioning

Back 31

response (behavior) + reinforcement (a consequence)

Front 32

Differences in CC and OC

Back 32

CC = a pair (NS and UCS to get CR)

OC= learn from consequences

Front 33

Difference in CC and OC

Back 33

CC = S -----> R learning (stimulus, reinforcement)

OC = R ------> S learning

Front 34

In which conditioning does the stimulus not cause the response but can influence it?

Back 34

Operant conditioning

Front 35

consequences

Back 35

if stimulus makes response less likely to reoccur (otherwise it is NS)

Front 36

2 types of consequence

Back 36

1) positive
2) aversive

Front 37

positive

Back 37

pleasant, good

Front 38

aversive

Back 38

unpleasant, bad

Front 39

reinforcement stimulus (reward or punishment)

Back 39

reinforces the chances of it reoccuring

Front 40

2 types of reinforcement

Back 40

Primary

Secondary

also

positive

negative

Front 41

Primary

Back 41

basic need

Front 42

secondary

Back 42

has value

Front 43

positive

Back 43

add something good

Front 44

negative (aversive)

Back 44

take bad away

Front 45

most common positive reinforcement

Back 45

praise and rewards

Front 46

when does extinction occur

Back 46

if reward stops being given

Front 47

Reinforcement, when?

Back 47

continuous

punishment

partial base

Front 48

continuous

Back 48

(always followed by consequences)

Front 49

punishment

Back 49

totally stops a behavior

Front 50

partial base

Back 50

(Reinforcement, when?)

partial base on passage of time or # of correct responders

Front 51

Ratio

Back 51

#

Front 52

Intervals

Back 52

times

Front 53

fixed

Back 53

same

Front 54

variable

Back 54

change

Front 55

one type of reinforcement

Back 55

given; positive or punishment

Front 56

second type of reinforcement

Back 56

taken away - negative

Front 57

aversive control

Back 57

anything unpleasant; an unpleasant consequence

Front 58

what reinforcements are associated with aversive control

Back 58

negative or punishment

Front 59

aversive response

Back 59

learned negative reaction to unpleasant event

Front 60

punishment

Back 60

behavior stops

Front 61

negative (for aversive control)

Back 61

increases behavior because it is taken away

(example: rock is taken from shoe to be able to walk correctly)

Front 62

aversive

Back 62

bad, unpleasant

Front 63

negative

Back 63

takes away

Front 64

punishment

Back 64

is given

Front 65

negative reinforcement

Back 65

is to take away

Front 66

negative reinforcement (aversive)

Back 66

takes away for correct behavior (this is when it's increased)
*same example abt the shoe and rock*

Front 67

reinforcement is added when

Back 67

positive (given)

Front 68

problems w/ punishments

Back 68

unfortunate emotions (AR)

person giving punishment is avoided

Front 69

avoidance conditioning

Back 69

taught to avoid completely

Front 70

escape -

Back 70

in the situation

Front 71

avoidance

Back 71

avoiding situation

Front 72

social learning

Back 72

learn from others

Front 73

cognitive learning

Back 73

thinking mentally

Front 74

latent learning

Back 74

inactive/dominant

Front 75

cognitive map

Back 75

mental picture

Front 76

learned helplessness

Back 76

no control; actions make no difference

Front 77

learned laziness

Back 77

reward without effort

Front 78

elements of learned helplessness

Back 78

1) major cause of depression (think internal problem)

Front 79

internal(ity)

Back 79

within; characteristic you think for yourself

Front 80

stability (with internal)

Back 80

permanent "no good at math"

Front 81

globality (with internal)

Back 81

overall (not one particular thing) "no good at anything"

Front 82

external

Back 82

outside

Front 83

modeling

Back 83

most often learned thru modeling

Front 84

mimicry

Back 84

mimic behavior; not learn a new response; mimicking old response

Front 85

observational learning

Back 85

imitation; watch and copy behaviors; unable to before observation

Front 86

disinhibition

Back 86

threatening activity w/o punishment; do something someone else did because they didn't get hurt

Front 87

ways to learn

Back 87

apply what we know to new skill

Front 88

behavior modification (factors of learning)

Back 88

change behavior w/ target goal and sub-goals

Front 89

self-control (factors of learning)

Back 89

personal system of rewards/punishments to shape yourself (use to improve study habits)

Front 90

CAI (factors of learning)

Back 90

Computer Assisted Instruction techno operant conditioning

Front 91

token economy

Back 91

value award

Front 92

3 major types of learning

Back 92

other cards

Front 93

learning through associations (3 major types)

Back 93

classical conditioning

Front 94

learning through consequences (3 major types)

Back 94

operant conditioning

Front 95

learning through observation (3 major types)

Back 95

modeling/observational learning