Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

Language

Back 1

A system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

Front 2

Grammar

Back 2

A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningflul messages

Front 3

Phoneme

Back 3

The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as a random noise

Front 4

Phonological rules

Back 4

A set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

Front 5

Morphemes

Back 5

The smallest meaningful units of language

Front 6

Morphological Rules

Back 6

A set of rules that indicated how morphemes can be combined to form words

Front 7

Syntactical Rules

Back 7

A set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

Front 8

Deep structure

Back 8

The meaning of a sentence

Front 9

Surface structure

Back 9

How a sentence is worded

Front 10

Fast mapping

Back 10

A phenomenon whereby children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Front 11

Telegraphic speech

Back 11

Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists of mostly content words

Front 12

Nativist theory

Back 12

The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biologiccl capacity

Front 13

Genetic dysphasia

Back 13

A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

Front 14

Aphasia

Back 14

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Front 15

Concept

Back 15

A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

Front 16

Family resemblance theory

Back 16

The theory that members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member

Front 17

Prototype

Back 17

The best or most typical member of a category

Front 18

Exemplar theory

Back 18

A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category

Front 19

Category-specific deficit

Back 19

a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

Front 20

Rational choice theory

Back 20

The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

Front 21

Frequency format hypothesis

Back 21

The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

Front 22

Availability bias

Back 22

The tendency to mistakenly judge items that are more readily available in memory as having occurred more frequently

Front 23

Conjunction fallacy

Back 23

An error that occurs when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

Front 24

Representativeness Heuristic

Back 24

A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

Front 25

Framing effects

Back 25

Phenomena that occur when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased or framed

Front 26

Sunk-cost fallacy

Back 26

A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

Front 27

Prospect theory

Back 27

The proposal that people choose to take risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Front 28

Intelligence

Back 28

The ability to direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and learn from one's experiences

Front 29

Ratio IQ

Back 29

A statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age b the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Front 30

Deviation IQ

Back 30

A statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Front 31

Two-factor theory of intelligence

Back 31

Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)

Front 32

Fluid intelligence

Back 32

The ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

Front 33

Crystallized intelligence

Back 33

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

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Prodigy

Back 34

A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

Front 35

Savant

Back 35

A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

Front 36

Emotional intelligence

Back 36

The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

Front 37

Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

Back 37

Twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm

Front 38

Identical twins (monozygotic twins)

Back 38

Twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm

Front 39

Shared environment

Back 39

Those environmental factors that are expereinced by all relevant members of a household

Front 40

Nonshared environment

Back 40

Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household