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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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classical conditioning
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a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stiumulus
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neutral stimulus
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a stiumulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training
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unconditioned response
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an organism's automatic/natural reaction to a stimulus
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
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generalization
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responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
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discrimination
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the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
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extinction
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the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
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operant conditioning
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learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting increases or decreases in occurence
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reinforcement
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stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
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primary reinforcer
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stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
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secondary reinforcer
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stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer
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fixed-ratio schedule
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a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained
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variable ratio schedule
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a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
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fixed interval schedule
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a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement
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variable interval
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a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement
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shaping
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technique in which the desired behavior is molded by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the rewared
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response chain
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learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next
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aversive control
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process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
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negative reinforcement
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increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
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escape conditioning
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training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
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avoidance conditioning
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training of an organism to withdraw or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts
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social learning
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process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
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cognitive learning
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form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation
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cognitive map
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a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
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latent learning
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alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior
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learned helplessness
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condition which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
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modeling
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learning by imitating others, copying behavior
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behavior modification
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systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings
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token economy
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conditioning to which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued awards
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