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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Analogical Representation
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A representation that shares some of the physical characteristics of an object
Usually takes the form of mental images |
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Symbolic representation
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A type of mental representation that does not correspond to the physical characteristics of that which it represents.
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Nodes
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A point in a network at which a number of connections converge
Individual symbols serve as nodes within the network |
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Frequency Estimates
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Assessments of how often you have encountered a particular event or object
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Availability Heuristics
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A rule of thumb often used to make probability estimates that depend on the frequency with which certain events readily come to mind
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Representativeness Heuristics
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A rule of thumb by means of which we estimate the probability that an object belongs to a certain category based on how prototypical it is of that category regardless of how common it actually is
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Dual-Process Theory
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The proposal that thinking often relies on a fast efficient effortless set of strategies but also sometimes relies on a slower more laborious but less risky set of strategies
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System 1
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Fast automatic type of thinking
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System 2
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Slower more effortful type of thinking based on heuristics
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Confirmation Bias
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Tendency to seek or endorse evidence to support one's beliefs and ignore or dismiss evidence that will challenge our beliefs
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Syllogism
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A logic problem containing two premises and a conclusion that may or may not follow from the premises
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Selection Task
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A commonly used research task in which participants must decide which cards to turn over to determine whether or not a rule has been followed.
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Framing
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How a question is phrased or how our options are described influence our decision
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Loss Aversion
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A strong tendency to regard losses as considerably more important than gains of comparable magnitude and to take steps to avoid possible loss
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Affective Forecasting
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Predicting our own emotional response to upcoming events
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Satisfice
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Seeking a satisfactory choice even if it is not the ideal and ending our quest for a good option as soon as we locate that satisfactory choice
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Initial State
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The status a person is in at the start of his or her attempts to solve a problem
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Goal State
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The situation one is trying to reach or set up when solving a problem
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Well-Defined Problem
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Problems for which there is a clear cut way of deciding whether a proposed solution is correct
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Ill-Defined Problem
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Problems for which it is unclear what a correct solution might be
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Means-End Analysis
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An important strategy for problem solving in which one's current position and resources are continually evaluated with respect to one's goal
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Subroutines
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Specific procedures for solving often encountered well defined problems
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Automaticity
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The ability to do a task without paying attention to it
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Stroop Effect
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A marked decrease in the speed of naming colors is observed when various color names are printed in colors that don't match the printed word
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Mental Set
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The predispositions to perceive remember or think of one thing rather than another
The specific perspective that a person takes in approaching the problem |
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Restructuring
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A reorganization of a problem that can facilitate its solution
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Incubation
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The problem solver sets the problem aside and seems not to be working on it but he or she is doing so unconsciously.
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Phonemes
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The smallest significant unit of sound in language
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Morphemes
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The smallest significant unit of meaning in a language
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Content Morphemes
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Words
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Function Morphemes
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Prefix Suffix
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Rules of Syntax
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The regular principles governing how words can be assembled into sentences and also describing the structure of those sentences.
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Tree Diagram
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The partitioning of a sentence into subparts or phrases
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Phrase Structure Description
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The whole tree structure; compact way of describing our implicit knowledge of how sentences are organized
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Definitional theory of word meaning
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Theory that states that words are represented in our minds much as they are in ordinary dictionaries
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Semantic Features
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The smallest significant unit of meaning within a word ; bundle of words to describe a word
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Prototype theory
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The theory that concepts are formed around average or typical exemplars rather than lists of single features or attributes.
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Family Resemblance Structures
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Over lap of features among members of a category such that no members of the category have all the features, but all members have some of them.
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Semantic Role
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The part that each word plays in the "who did what to whom" drama described by a sentence
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Case Markers
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Indicators used in a language to relate a word and the "action" in a sentence
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Garden Path
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A term used to describe the sentences that initially lead the listener toward one interpretation, but then demand a different interpretation.
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Crib Bilingualism
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Bilingual exposure in early infancy enhances the ability to monitor and switch between competing task in a way that not only supports learning the two languages
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Aphasia
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A disorder of language produced by lesions in certain areas of the cortex in the left hemisphere
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Specific Language Impairment
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A syndrome in which individuals are very slow to learn language and throughout their lives have difficulty in understanding and producing many sentences even though these individuals seem normal on most other measures
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Whorfian Hypothesis
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The proposal that the language one speaks determines both what and also how one thinks
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