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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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Recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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Recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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Chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units: often occurs automatically
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Mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through masses study or practice
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Testing effect
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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
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Encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system – for example, by extracting meaning
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Storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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Retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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Sensory Memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Short-term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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Long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list
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Working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual0spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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Explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (Also called declarative memory)
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Effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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Iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Proactive interference
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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Retroactive interference
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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Repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event |
