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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is learning?
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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What is associative learning?
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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli(classical) or a response and its consequences (operant)
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What is associated in classical conditioning?
in operant conditioning? |
Classical Conditioning - We are set to learn some things
Operant conditioning-type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer and weakened if followed by a punishment |
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What is classical conditioning?
US UR CS CR What are they? (Pavlov's experiment) |
US - naturally triggered response (Meat)
UR - naturally occuring response to the US (salivate) CS - neutral stimulus that after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned response. (tone) CR - learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivate) |
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What is extinction?
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gradual weakening and desappearance of a conditioned response by presenting to conditioned stimulus repeatedly without the US.
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What is generalization?
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tendency to respond in the same way to a stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus
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What is discrimination?
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learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditional stimulus
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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How is classical conditioning used in TV commercials?
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People enjoying the meal presented.
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What is systematic desensitization?
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-make a hierarchy of fears
-associate least feared item with relaxation response -work way up the hierarchy until relaxed to the phobic item |
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What is conditioned taste aversion?
How does it differ from most other forms of classical conditioning? |
a taste is avoided in the future.
-Can be several hours between the CS(taste) and UR(sickness) -One trial conditioning -last a long time -doesn't occur with visual, auditory, or tactile conditioned stimuli |
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Why is taste easily associated with illness?
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Biological predisposition to associate taste with illness
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Operant conditioning:
B.F. Skinner Skinner Box |
The token example
Speaker and lights. Rat shocked unexpectedly with sound and light accompanying it. Only feared the noise. |
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What is the law of effect (Edward Thorndike)
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Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequenes become more likely to occur in the future; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely to occur in the future
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What is:
Positive reinforcer Negative reinforcer Punishment What are some problems with punishment? |
Positive reinforcer - stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcer - a stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response Punishment - an event that decreases the behavior that it follows -doesn't guide the organism to the desired behavior -May increase aggressiveness -Undesirable behavior may reappear in safe settings. |
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What is primary reinforcer?
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an inately reinforcing stimulus
usually satisfies biological need like food, water, access to sex |
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What is conditioned (secondary) reinforcer?
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power from association with a primary reinforcer
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What is token?
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Can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer
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What is shaping?
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reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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What are discriminative stimuli?
How did clever Hans do it? |
A signal that reponse will be reinforced or punished
Clever Hans was a mathematical horse. He waited until the people tilted his head back a bit. |
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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desired response is reinforced every time
results in quick learning but little resistance to extinction |
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What is partial reinforcement?
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responses are reinforced sometimes.
results in slower learning but greater resistance to extinction |
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What are the 4 basic schedules of reinforcement?
What type of schedule is gambling? |
1. Fixed ratio - behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses
Variable ratio - behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machines) Fixed interval - the first response after a fixed time period is reinforced Variable interval - the first response after a ranging time interval is reinforced |
