Psychology Chapter 8

Front 1

The capacity to preserve and recover information

Back 1

Memory

Front 2

The processes that determine and control how memories are formed

Back 2

Encoding

Front 3

The processes that determine and control how memories are stored and kept over time.

Back 3

Storage

Front 4

The processes that determine and control how memories are recovered and translated into performance.

Back 4

Retrieval

Front 5

An exact replica of an environmental message which usually lasts for a second or less.

Back 5

Sensory Memory

Front 6

A limited capacity system that we use to hold information, after it has been analyzed, for periods lasting less than a minute or two.

Back 6

Short-term memory

Front 7

The system that produces and stores visual sensory memories.

Back 7

Iconic Memory

Front 8

The system that produces and stores auditory sensory memories

Back 8

Echoic Memory

Front 9

A strategic process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition

Back 9

Rehearsal

Front 10

The number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory in their proper presentation order on half of the tested memory trials.

Back 10

Memory Span

Front 11

A short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.

Back 11

Chunking

Front 12

The system used to maintain information for extended periods of time.

Back 12

Long-term memory

Front 13

A memory for a particular event, or episode, that happened to you personally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning or where you went on vacation last year

Back 13

Episodic Memory

Front 14

Knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one’s personal experiences.

Back 14

Semantic Memory

Front 15

Knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club.

Back 15

Procedural Memory

Front 16

An encoding process that involves the formation of connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory.

Back 16

Elaboration

Front 17

A term used to refer to how unique or different a memory record is from other things in memory. Memory records with this characteristic tend to be recalled well.

Back 17

Distinctiveness

Front 18

Rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events.

Back 18

Flashbulb Memory

Front 19

The processes used to construct an internal visual image.

Back 19

Visual Imagery

Front 20

Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered information over time.

Back 20

Distributed Practice

Front 21

The better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list.

Back 21

Primary Effect

Front 22

The better memory of items near the end of a memorized list.

Back 22

Recency Effect

Front 23

Special mental tricks that help people improve later memory. Most of these require the use of visual imagery.

Back 23

Mnemomic Devices

Front 24

A mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and then from visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations along the pathway

Back 24

Method of Loki

Front 25

A mnemonic device in which you form visual images connecting to-be-remembered items with retrieval cues.

Back 25

Peg-word method

Front 26

A testing condition in which a person is asked to remember information without explicit retrieval cues.

Back 26

Free recall

Front 27

A testing condition in which subjects are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember.

Back 27

Cued Recall

Front 28

The idea that the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental processes during testing that he or she used during encoding.

Back 28

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Front 29

Remembering that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness or willful intent.

Back 29

Implicit Memory

Front 30

Conscious, willful remembering.

Back 30

Explicit Memory

Front 31

An organized knowledge structure in long-term memory.

Back 31

Schema

Front 32

The loss in accessibility of previously stored material.

Back 32

Forgetting

Front 33

The proposal that memories are forgotten or lost spontaneously with the passage of time.

Back 33

Decay

Front 34

A process in which the formation of new memories hurts the recovery of old memories.

Back 34

Retroactive Interference

Front 35

A process in which old memories interfere with the establishment and recovery of new memories.

Back 35

Proactive Interference

Front 36

A defense mechanism that individuals use, unknowingly, to push threatening thoughts, memories, and feelings out of conscious awareness

Back 36

Repression

Front 37

Forgetting that is caused by physical problems in the brain, such as those induced by injury or disease.

Back 37

Amnesia

Front 38

Memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury.

Back 38

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 39

Memory loss for events that happens after the point of physical injury. H.M. is an example of this.

Back 39

Anterograde Amnesia