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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
Ability to retain Knowledge |
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Information Processing |
- Attention - Sensation - Perception - Learning - Use of stored information (Memory) ASPLM - Alan Saw People Laughing Maliciously |
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Steps Required in Memory |
- Encoding - Storage - Retrieval |
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Encoding |
Process of acquiring info and transferring it into memory |
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Storage |
Retention of info - ranges from brief to permanent |
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Retrieval |
- Recall of stored info |
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Memory is adaptive |
- Ability to use info from past - Evolutionary advantage - quick response - increase survival |
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Atkinson-Shiffrin Model |
Incoming Info→sensory memory→short term memory→Long term memory |
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Sensory Memory |
- Very brief - Usually a second or less - Fades quickly (trace of sparkers, hand waving) - Sensory Input is received and coded separately Purpose: collect info until it is processed further or not |
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Sensory input is received and coded separately |
- Haptic codes = touch - Acoustic codes = sound - Visual codes = images HAV- Harry Ate Vegetables TSI - To Stay Intelligent |
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Short-Term Memory (STM) |
A subset of sensory memory will move to STM - Depends on attention - Very brief: approximately 30 seconds - Limited capacity (Probably 9 things max) Purpose: Quickly use info and discard |
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How to keep info in memory? |
Rehearsal - Will keep info in STM indefinitely at least until need to think of something else |
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Short-term memory info is coded by input... |
visual, acoustic, semantic (meaning) |
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Chunking |
- A strategy that can increase STM storage - Grouping similar or meaningful info together |
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Working Memory |
Active and complex manipulation of info |
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Components of Working Memory |
- Phonological Loop - Visuospatial Sketch Pad - Central Executive - Episodic Buffer PVCE - Peters Van Caught Evil spirits |
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Phonological Loop |
Verbal and auditory information |
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Visuospatial Sketch Pad |
Visual and spatial information - Giving directions |
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Central Executive |
Directs attention between the systems |
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Episodic Buffer |
Helps combine info from long-term memory |
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Long-Term Memory (LTM) |
- Indefinite capacity and duration - Info can last a lifetime - Rehearsal - info moved from STM (WM) - Maintenance rehearsal - Elaborative rehearsal |
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Maintenance Rehearsal |
Simple repetition |
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Elaborative Rehearsal |
Linking new material to what you already know - more effective |
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Levels of processing |
- Different levels of info processing - Deeper processing means better remembering - Visual processing: shallow - Meaning of the word: Deeper |
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Serial Position Effect |
- Primacy Effect - Recency Effect |
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Primacy Effect |
- Recalling the first words in a list - Probably encoded into long term memory |
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Recency Effect |
- Superior recall of the last words in a list - Probably remain in working memory - Disappears after a 30 second delay |
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2 Types of Long-Term Memory |
- Declarative - Nondeclarative |
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Declarative Long-Term Memory |
Easy to discuss verbally , easy to "declare" Also known as explicit memory - Semantic - Episodic - Autobiographical |
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Semantic Memory |
- General knowledge and facts |
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Episodic Memory |
Personal account of past experiences |
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Autobiographical Memory |
Blending of semantic and episodic memory - may contain facts and personal experiences |
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Nondeclarative Memories |
- Difficult to explain - They are implicit - Impact our behavior in subconscious, indirect, effortless ways - We are not aware we have accessed a memory |
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Types of Nondeclarative Memories |
- Classical conditioning - Procedural - Priming |
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Classical Conditioning Memory |
- Learn to associate a signal with an upcoming event - Involuntary and unconscious emotional responses |
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Procedural Memory |
- Memories for how to carry out motor skills - Becomes automatic - Difficult to verbalize - riding a bike |
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Priming |
- Change in response to a stimulus due to exposure to a related stimuli Ex: priming people with rude words led to increased frequency of interruptions |
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How to Improve Memory |
- Distribute practice over time - Gives brain more time to consolidate memory, less likely to be lost to interference - Take tests : increases flexibility and application - Sleep - Make info relevant to you |
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Mnemoics |
- Devices to expand memory - Acronyms - Method of Loci |
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Method of Loci |
- Picture objects in a familiar place |
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How does Sleep improve memory? |
- consolidates memories - Make new connections when we are awake - We likely recognize existing memories during sleep - Sleep deprivation is harmful = poorer memory, 2 nights of sleep later still poor |
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Connectionist Theories |
- Mind is made up of interconnections - Items may be connected by category or specific properties |
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Spreading Activation |
- Activation of a certain concept spreads to other concepts |
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Schema |
- A set of expectations about objects or situations - Memories may be adapted to schemas - Easier to interpret information within a schem |
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Short-Term Memory Retrieval |
- Not efficient - Appears to go item by item |
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Long-Term Memory Retrieval |
- Cue - Encoding specificity-external/internal variables |
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Cue |
- A stimulus that helps access information |
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Encoding Specificity |
- Memory is encoded with other available information - Why it is helpful to retrace your steps when you forget something |
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Context- Dependent Memory |
- Better recall of information if you remember it in the same context it was learned - Exams and Study environment - Memory and Language |
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State-Dependent Memory |
- Memory and drugs - Same state you were studying/learning = same state take test |
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Tip-of-the-Tongue |
- Incomplete retrieval of info - May recall similar concepts and words - Information that is closely related to the concept |
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Memory reconstruction |
- Memory is not recalled exactly - Information from the current context is included - Memories are prone to change |
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Accuracy of Memory |
- Evidence to suggest memories are flexible - Automobile accident study: "how fast was the white care going when passed barn" reported there was a barn when wasn't |
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Source Confusion |
- Inability to distinguish internal vs external sources of info - You remembered sending your friend a text, in reality you thought about sending a text Internal Source: thinking about texting External Source: sending a text |
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Retrieval of Emotional Memories |
- Emotion has a complicated relationship with memory - Negative emotions may be more difficult to recall and memories may be very vivid |
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Flashbulb Memory |
- An especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event Hippocampus: declarative memory Amygdala: emotional details |
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Forgetting |
A decreases in the ability to recall a previously formed memory |
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Decay |
- Fading of previous memories - Info can be re-learned quickly - Savings - ability to re-learn info quicker |
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Memory Consolidation |
- The process of efficient memory storage - Synaptic consolidation may take minutes or hours - Interruption during this process may result in forgetting Ex: head injury |
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Interference |
- Competition between new and old information |
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Proactive Info |
- Info learned first may interfere with remembering the target info |
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Retroactive interference |
- Info learned last is difficult to remember due to newly learned info |
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Motivated Forgetting |
- Failure to retrieve negative memories - We tend to have worse recall for rules we have broken |
