Psychology Chapter 7

Front 1

Inborn Tendency to turn toward a new event

Back 1

Orienting Response

Front 2

Decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation

Back 2

Habituation

Front 3

Sensitization

Back 3

Increased responding to an event that has been repeated

Front 4

Usually occurs with intense of punishing stimuli

Back 4

Sensitization

Front 5

When you first get a new kitten, it scurrys away everytime you come near it when it trys to eat. Now when you come near it while it is eating, it continues to eat. The kitten's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process know as what?

Back 5

Habituation

Front 6

Technique developed to study how simple associations form which allow us to prepare ourselves for future events

Back 6

Classical Conditioning

Front 7

What famous physiologist noticed that salivation often began before food was placed into dogs mouths?

Back 7

Pavlov

Front 8

A stimulus that automatically leads to a response prior to training

Back 8

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Front 9

The response that is produced automatically, prior to training

Back 9

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Front 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 10

Neutral stimulus that is paired with US during classical conditioning

Front 11

Ccnditioned Response

Back 11

The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus

Front 12

In classical conditioning, the ____ should function as a signal that the ____ is about to occur.

Back 12

CS, US

Front 13

A signal between the CS and the US is most effective when?

Back 13

1. The CS comes before the US
2. The US follows closely in time.

Front 14

True or False:
The CS must provide new information about the US

Back 14

True

Front 15

True or False: The CR is always the same as the UR

Back 15

False

Front 16

True or False: The CS substitutes for the US

Back 16

False

Front 17

Procedure in which an established CS is used to condition a second neutral stimulus

Back 17

Second-order Conditioning

Front 18

Responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response to an established CS

Back 18

stimulus generalization

Front 19

Responding differently to a new stimulus than one responds to an established CS

Back 19

Stimulus discrimination

Front 20

Extinction

Back 20

Presenting a CS repeatedly,after conditioning, without the US, resulting in a loss of responding

Front 21

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 21

Recovery of an extinguished CR after a period of nonexposure to the CS

Front 22

Learning that the event signals the absence of the US

Back 22

Conditioned Inhibition

Front 23

Conditioned inhibitors can serve as what when US is something dangerous?

Back 23

safety signals

Front 24

Classical conditioning is useful because it is adaptive to...

Back 24

learn what events in the environment signal

Front 25

Procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions

Back 25

Operant conditioning

Front 26

What law states "If a response is followed by a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened; if follwed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened"?

Back 26

Law of effect by Thorndike

Front 27

Stimulus situation in which a response will be followed by reward or punishment

Back 27

Discriminative Stimulus

Front 28

Event that, when presented after a response, increases likelihood of that response occuring again

Back 28

Positive reinforcement

Front 29

Event that, when removed after a response, increases likelihood of that response occuring again

Back 29

Negative reinforcement

Front 30

What does positive reinforcement usually involve?

Back 30

an appetitive stimulus (something the organism needs, likes, wants

Front 31

Response deprivation

Back 31

Event is reinforcing if it allows you to engage in something that you're deprived of

Front 32

In this type of reinforcement, response leads to remocal of some stimulus.

Back 32

Negative Reinforcement

Front 33

Punishments

Back 33

Consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding a similar way again

Front 34

What is a limitation of Punishment?

Back 34

It does not promote better, alternative behavior

Front 35

What works better than punishment?

Back 35

Reinforcing an alternative response

Front 36

True or False:
Punishment does effectively suppress behavior but may also increase aggression.

Back 36

True

Front 37

Rule that an experimenter uses to determine when particular responses will be reinforced

Back 37

Schedules of Reinforcement

Front 38

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 38

Every response is followed rapidly by reinforcement

Front 39

Partial Reinforcement

Back 39

Reinforcement delivered only some of the time

Front 40

On a fixed-ratio schedule the number of responses for reinforcement does or doesn't change?

Back 40

doesn't

Front 41

Which kind of partial schedules tend to produce steady, consistent rates of responding, but might stop for a period after reinforcement?

Back 41

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Front 42

For this type of Schedule of reinforcement extinction comes when reinforcement is no longer given

Back 42

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Front 43

A certain number of responses required for reinforcement but this number changes

Back 43

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Front 44

For this type of Schedule of reinforcement extinction takes much longer

Back 44

variable-ratio schedule

Front 45

For this type of Schedule of Reinforcement, reinforcement is delivered for first response after a fixed interval rate

Back 45

Fixed Interval

Front 46

For this type of Schedule of Reinforcement, time until reinforcement changes

Back 46

Variable-interval

Front 47

A procedure in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response

Back 47

Shaping

Front 48

Complex behaviors are unlikely to occur ____, so they are _____ to reinforce.

Back 48

spontaneously, hard

Front 49

True or False:
Genetic constraints do not influence what can be learned.

Back 49

False

Front 50

Learning that occurs as a result of observing the experiences of others

Back 50

Observational Learning

Front 51

Does Observational learning occur in species other than humans?

Back 51

Yes

Front 52

Modeling

Back 52

The natural tendency to imitate behavior of significant others

Front 53

When is modeling strongest?

Back 53

1. Model is viewed positively
2. Model is rewarded for the behavior

Front 54

True or False:
Television may produce modeling of negative behaviors.

Back 54

True