Psychology Chapter 7

Front 1

Language

Back 1

A system for communication with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar.

Front 2

Phoneme

Back 2

The smallest meaningful units of language.

Front 3

Grammar

Back 3

A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.

Front 4

Deep structure

Back 4

the meaning of a sentence.

Front 5

Surface structure

Back 5

How a sentence is worded

Front 6

Fast mapping

Back 6

the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure.

Front 7

nativist theory

Back 7

The view that language development is best explained as an innate learning

Front 8

genetic dysphasia

Back 8

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence.

Front 9

Aphasia

Back 9

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language.

Front 10

concept

Back 10

A mental representation that groups a categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli.

Front 11

Category-specific deficit

Back 11

A neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed.

Front 12

Family resemblance theory

Back 12

Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member.

Front 13

Prototype

Back 13

the "best" or "most typical member" of a category

Front 14

Exemplar theroy

Back 14

a Theroy of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by compariong a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category.

Front 15

Rational choice theory

Back 15

the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two.

Front 16

Conjunction fallacy

Back 16

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event.

Front 17

Framing effects

Back 17

When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)

Front 18

Sunk-cost fallacy

Back 18

A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation.

Front 19

Prospect theory

Back 19

Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains.

Front 20

Intelligence

Back 20

A hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences.

Front 21

Ratio IQ

Back 21

A statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Front 22

Deviation IQ

Back 22

A statistic obtained y dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Front 23

Factor analysis

Back 23

A statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors.

Front 24

Two-Factor theory of intelligence

Back 24

Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)

Front 25

Fluid intelligence

Back 25

The ability to process information

Front 26

Crystallized intelligence

Back 26

the accuracy and amount of information available for processing

Front 27

Prodigy

Back 27

A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

Front 28

Savant

Back 28

A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability.

Front 29

Identical twins

Back 29

(Also called monozygotic twins) twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm

Front 30

Fraternal twins

Back 30

(also called dizygotic twins) Twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm

Front 31

Heritability coefficient

Back 31

A statistic (commonly denoted as h2) that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup.

Front 32

Crystallized intelligence

Back 32

The accuracy and amount of information available for processing

Front 33

Prodigies

Back 33

A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

Front 34

Savants

Back 34

A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

Front 35

identical twins

Back 35

(also called monozygotic twins) Twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm.

Front 36

fraternal twins

Back 36

(Also called dizygotic twins) Twins who develop from two differnt eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm (see identical twins)

Front 37

Heritability coefficient

Back 37

A statistic (commonly denoted as h2) that describes that proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup.