Psychology Chapter 6 (Rudiger)

Front 1

Development

Back 1

the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predisposition (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture)

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Infancy

Back 2

the developmental stage from birth to 1 year of age

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Childhood

Back 3

the development period from infancy to the onset of puberty

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Adolescence

Back 4

the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood

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Adulthood

Back 5

the stage of life after adolescence, including emerging, early, middle, and older adulthood

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Ovulation

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the process whereby an egg stored in the woman's ovaries matures and is released into the fallopian tube

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Zygote

Back 7

the product of an egg and sperm tat merge together during conception

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Embryo

Back 8

the status of a zygote once it is implanted in the uterine wall

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Amniotic Sac

Back 9

acting as a cushion as well as a temperature regulator, it is a fluid-filled reservoir in which the fetus lives until birth

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Placenta

Back 10

the organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the fetus and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material

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Umbilical Cord

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a cord that links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the embryo from the mother

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Fetus

Back 12

the stage of the embryo from 9 weeks after conception to birth. The defining aspect of the fetal stage is growth

Front 13

Teratogens

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any harmful material that can bypass the filter in the placenta and pass from the mother to the fetus

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrom (FAS)

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the detrimental effect of large amounts of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development

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Habituation

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decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession

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Habituation Procedures

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a procedure that uses the principles of habituation to allow researcher to infer the cognitive processes of newborns

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Schema

Back 17

a pattern of knowledge in long-term memory that helps us organize information

Front 18

Assimilation

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the use of an already developed schema to understand new information

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Accommodation

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the change of an existing schema on the basis of new information

Front 20

Sensorimotor Stage

Back 20

a stage of Piaget's model of cognitive development lasting from birth to age 2, in which the baby perceives the environment through the senses and motor skills

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Objective Performance

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the ability to be aware of an object's existence even when it is not visible

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Preoperational Stage

Back 22

a stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, lasting from 2-7 years of age, in which children become capable of forming mental images

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Theory of Mind

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the ability to take another person's view

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Concrete Operational Stage

Back 24

a stage in Piaget's cognitive development model, between ages 7 to 11 years, in which children begin to use concepts of time, space, and numbers more accurately, and are able to use deductive or reversible reasoning

Front 25

Conservation

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the understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object

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Formal Operational Stage

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a stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, reached by children 11 years and older, in which they begin to think in abstract terms

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Self-Concept

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a schema that contains knowledge about us, including out beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles

Front 28

Attachment

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the strong need of an infant to be close to the primary caregiver

Front 29

Strange Situation

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a measure of attachment in young children in which the child's behaviors are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment

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Temperament

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the innate personality characteristics of an infant

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Longitudinal Research Design

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research in which individuals are studied over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages

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Cross-Sectional Research Design

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a research design in which comparisons are made between samples of people at different ages

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Cohort Effects

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refers to the possibility that differences in cognition or behavior at two points in time may be caused by differences that are unrelated to the changes in age. The differences might instead be due to environmental factors that affect an entire age group

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Emerging Adulthood

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the ages between 18 years and the middle or late 20s when the adolescent is first becoming an adult

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Puberty

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a developmental stage in adolescence in which hormonal changes create rapid physical changes in the body

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Primary Sex Characteristics

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the organs concerned with reproduction, including the testicles and the penis in boys and the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in girls

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Secondar Sex Characteristics

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physical features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but that are not involved in reproduction

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Menarche

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the first menstrual period

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Social Identity

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the part of the self-concept that is derived from one's group memberships

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Early Adulthood

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the ages between 25 and 45

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Middle Adulthood

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the ages between 45 and 65

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Parenting Style

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parental behaviors that determining the nature of parent-child interactions

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Menopause

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the cessation of the menstrual cycle, which usually occurs at around age 50

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Social Clock

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the culturally preferred 'right time' for major life evens, such as moving out of the house, getting married, and having kids

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Late Adulthood

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the final stage of life, beginning at about age 65

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Crystallized Intelligence

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a person's accumulated knowledge about the world, including semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language

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Fluid Intelligence

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the ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly

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Dementia

Back 48

a progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities, which affect social and occupational functioning

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Alzheimer's Disease

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a form of dementia that originates in the cerebral cortex and is ultimately fatal