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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three processes of memory |
Encoding, storage, retrieval |
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Memory |
active system that receives information from senses > organizes> inputs>retrieves |
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3 models of memory |
information-processing model, levels-of-processing & parallel distributed |
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information-processing model |
processes information similarly to a computer in 3 stages |
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parallel distributed processing (PDP) model |
memory processes (creation and storage of memories) take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections; faster reactions and decisions |
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levels-of-processing model |
info processed according to meaning and not it's sound/appearance |
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3 memory systems |
sensory, short-term, long-term |
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Sensory memory |
Iconic memory & Echoic memory |
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Iconic memory |
visual sensory memory; help for a fraction of a second |
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Eidetic imagery |
ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more (aka photographic memory) |
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Echoic memory |
auditory sensory memory; 4 seconds |
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Short-term memory |
where info is held while being used; 7 ± 2 chucks of info w/o rehearsal stored in prefrontal and temporal lobes |
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Loss of STM |
failure to rehearse, decay, interference by similar info, new info |
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Selective attention |
ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input |
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Working memory |
an active system that processes the information in short-term memory |
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Maintenance rehearsal |
practice of saying information to be remembered over and over again to maintain in short-term memory |
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Long-term memory |
where memories are permanently stored for a long duration; unlimited capacity information is more deeply processed (acc to meaning) |
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types of long-term memory |
procedural memories & declarative memories; implicit memories& explicit memories |
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Elaborative rehearsal |
method of transferring info from STM into LTM by making info meaningful in some way |
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Procedural memories |
non-declarative; skills, habits, conditioned responses; stored in cerebellum |
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Declarative Memories |
LTM; info that is conscious and known general facts and personal experiences; semantic memories and episodic memories (stored in frontal and temporal lobes) |
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Implicit Memories |
difficult to bring to conscious awareness; ex. procedural memory |
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Explicit memories |
memories that person is aware of having |
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LTM Organization |
form of semantic networks/nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge |
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Retrieval cues |
words, meanings, sounds, other stimuli that are encoded the same time as a new memory |
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Encoding specificity |
occurs when physical surroundings are retrieval cues |
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State-dependent learning |
physiological or psychological states are retrieval cues for memories formed while in those states |
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Recall |
memory retrieval; info is pulled out of memory w/ minimal cues |
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Recognition |
matching information with stored images or facts |
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Serial position effect |
Primacy effect/recency effect; first and last items in a list of info are recalled more efficiently than items in then middle of the list |
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Eyewitnesses |
Elizabeth Loftus people update and revise memories of events (adding info later acquired, contamination of memories due to earlier memories etc.) |
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Automatic encoding |
requires little effort to place info into LTM |
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Flashbulb memories |
memory attached to emotional or traumatic event; vivid and detailed like a snapshot; no more accurate than other memories |
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Constructive processing |
memories are reconstructed from various bits of info that were stored away in different places at time of encoding |
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Hindsight bias |
when people falsely believe that they knew outcome of event because they have included knowledge of event's true outcome into their own memory |
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Misinformation effect |
tendency of misleading info presented after event to alter the memories of the event itself |
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False-memory syndrome |
creation of false memories through suggestion (ex. hypnosis); opposite of memory retrieval PEZDEK & colleagues: "false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible fake events over implausible ones" |
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Curve of Forgetting |
by Ebbinghaus; graph showing pattern wherein information is lost within 1 hour after learning |
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Forgetting |
failure to encode information |
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Memory trace decay (or disuse) theory |
presence of physical memory trace that decays with disuse over time |
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Consolidation |
physical changes in neurons that take place during the formation of a memory |
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Hippocampus |
responsible for storage of new long-term memories; removal = inability to store new memories |
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Retrograde amnesia |
memory for the past (before injury) is lost; can be loss of minutes or years |
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
disrupts consolidations; causes retrograde amnesia |
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Anterograde amnesia |
memory for anything new becomes impossible; old memories still retrievable |
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Inafantile Amnesia |
can't remember events from ages 1-3 ; due to implicit nature of infant memory |
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Alzheimer's disease |
multiple causes suffers from anterograde amnesia mostly; retrograde if it progresses various drugs to slow or stop progression of AD Exercising brain and taking care of cardiovascular health can help put off dementia inc. AD |
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Semantic Memory |
type of declarative memory; general knowledge (ex. language, info from formal education) |
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Episodic memory |
type of declarative memory; memory containing personal information not readily available to others (ex. daily activities and events) |
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Semantic network model |
model of memory organisation that assumes info is stored in brain in connected faction; hierarchy of relation |
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Proactive interference |
older info already in memory interferes with the learning of newer information |
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Retroactive interference |
newer info interferes with the retrieval of older information |
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Autobiographical memory |
memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story |
