Psychology Chapter 5

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli.

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

Recognition and identification of a sensory stimulus.

Front 3

Sensory Receptor Cells

Back 3

Specialized cells that convert a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

Front 4

Sensory Transduction

Back 4

The process of converting a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

Front 5

Absolute Threshold

Back 5

The minimal stimulus necessary for detection by an individual.

Front 6

Difference Threshold or Just Noticable Difference

Back 6

The minimal difference between two stimuli necessary for detection of a difference between the two.

Front 7

Sensory Adaptation

Back 7

The process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response.

Front 8

Bottom-up Processing

Back 8

Perception that proceeds by transducing environmental stimuli into neural impulses that move onto successively more complex brain regions.

Front 9

Top-down Processing

Back 9

Perception processes led by cognitive processes, such as memory or expectations.

Front 10

Olfactory Sense

Back 10

Our sense of smell.

Front 11

Gustatory Sense

Back 11

Our sense of taste.

Front 12

Odorants

Back 12

Airborne chemicals that are detected as odors.

Front 13

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Back 13

Sensory receptor cells that convert chemical signals from odorants into neural impulses that travel to the brain.

Front 14

Papillae

Back 14

Bumps on the tongue that contain clumps of taste buds.

Front 15

Taste Buds

Back 15

Clusters of sensory receptor cells that convert chemical signals from food into neural impulses that travel to the brain.

Front 16

Olfactory Bulb

Back 16

The first region where olfactory information reaches the brain on its way from the nose.

Front 17

Anosmia

Back 17

Inability to smell.

Front 18

Ageusia

Back 18

Inability to taste

Front 19

Free Nerve Endings

Back 19

Sensory Receptors that convert physical stimuli into touch, pressure, or pain impulses.

Front 20

Meissner's Corpuscles

Back 20

Sensory receptors that convert physical stimuli about sensory touch on the fingertips, lips, and palms.

Front 21

Merkel's Discs

Back 21

Sensory receptors that convert information about light to moderate pressure on the skin.

Front 22

Ruffini's End-Organs

Back 22

Sensory receptors that respond to heavy pressure and joint movement.

Front 23

Pacinian Corpuscles

Back 23

Sensory receptors that respond to vibrations and heavy pressure.

Front 24

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Back 24

Suggests that certain patterns of neural activity can close a "gate" to keep pain information from traveling to parts of the brain where it is perceived.

Front 25

Endorphins

Back 25

Naturally-occuring pain-killing chemicals in the brain.

Front 26

Enkephalins

Back 26

Naturally-occuring pain-killing chemicals in the brain.

Front 27

Sound Waves

Back 27

Vibrations of the air in the frequency of hearing.

Front 28

Tympanic Membrane

Back 28

The ear drum

Front 29

Ossicles

Back 29

Tiny bones in the ear called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.

Front 30

Oval Window

Back 30

A membrane separating the ossicles and the inner ear, deflection of which causes a wave to form in the cochlea.

Front 31

Cochlea

Back 31

Fluid-filled structure in the inner-ear, contains the hair cells.

Front 32

Basilar Membrane

Back 32

Structure in the cochlea where the hair cells are located.

Front 33

Hair Cells

Back 33

Sensory receptors that convert sound waves into neural impulses.

Front 34

Tonotopic Map

Back 34

Representation in the auditory cortex of different sound frequencies.

Front 35

Absolute Pitch

Back 35

The ability to recognize or produce any note on a musical scale.

Front 36

Deafness

Back 36

loss or lack of hearing.

Front 37

Retina

Back 37

A specialized sheet of nerve cells in the back of the eye containing the sensory receptors for vision.

Front 38

Photoreceptors

Back 38

The sensory receptor cells for vision, located in the retina.

Front 39

Rods

Back 39

Photoreceptors most responsive to levels of light and dark.

Front 40

ओदनः
odana

Back 40

boiled rice

Front 41

Optic Nerve

Back 41

The bundle of axons and ganglion cells that carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

Front 42

Fovea

Back 42

Center of the retina, containing only cones, where vision is most clear.

Front 43

Retinal Disparity

Back 43

The slight difference in images processed by the retinas of each eye.

Front 44

Convergence

Back 44

Inward movement of the eyes to view objects close to oneself.

Front 45

Monocular Cues

Back 45

Visual clues about depth and distance that can be perceived using information from only one eye.

Front 46

Perceptual Constancies

Back 46

Our top-down tendency to view objects as unchanging, despite shifts in the environmental stimuli we receive.