Psychology Chapter 3 Flashcards

Front 1

Sensation is to _________ as perception is to

Back 1

Stimulation; interpretation

Front 2

The ________ is reached when a person can detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

Back 2

Absolute threshold

Front 3

Which organ has the most receptors?

Back 3

Skin

Front 4

Which organ has the most SENSORY receptors?

Back 4

Eyes

Front 5

The clear, transparent, protective coating over the front part of the eye is the____

Back 5

Cornea

Front 6

The lining inside the eye that contains the receptor cells is called the____

Back 6

cretina

Front 7

The ability of the eye to distinguish fine details is called_________.

Back 7

Visual acuity

Front 8

The process of mixing various pigments together to create different colors is called

Back 8

Subtractive color mixing

Front 9

What theories has recent research suggest is true about sight?

Back 9

Both trichromatic and opponent process theory

Front 10

Pitch is the

Back 10

How high or low a sound is

Front 11

the snail shaped structure in the inner ear is called the

Back 11

Cochlea

Front 12

Optical illusions result from distortion in

Back 12

perception or interpretation

Front 13

The colored part of the eye containing a muscle which changes the size of the pupil is the

Back 13

Lens

Front 14

When fluid builds up in the eye and causes damage to the optic nerve and then loss of vision, the disorder is called.

Back 14

Glaucoma

Front 15

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the _______.

Back 15

Bones in the middle ear

Front 16

In which of the following is color vision not found?
a. reptiles
b. Rats
c. Cats
d. Monkeys

Back 16

Rats

Front 17

Inability to recognize faces

Back 17

Prosopagonia

Front 18

a type of colorblindness a person cannot see color or remember color

Back 18

achromatopsia

Front 19

Disorder where the patient behaves if they can see forms colors or motion despite the fact they are blind

Back 19

Blindsight

Front 20

Stages of sensation and perceptions

Back 20

Energy/stimuli > receptor cell > neural signal > CNS (received in brain)

Front 21

The least amount of energy detected as stimulation 50% of the time, different for each person

Back 21

absolute threshold

Front 22

The smallest change in stimulation from the absolute threshold detected 50% of the time

Back 22

difference Threshold (Just noticeable difference )

Front 23

Stimulation below the threshold of conscious awareness

Back 23

Subliminal perception

Front 24

Senses that cannot be effectively studied due to the difficulty to measure and replicate them

Back 24

extra sense perception (ESP)

Front 25

outer protection of the eye.

Back 25

Cornea

Front 26

controls how much light get in

Back 26

Pupil

Front 27

colored part of the eye

Back 27

Iris

Front 28

- adjust the focus of the eye by tensing or relaxing the muscles.

Back 28

Lens

Front 29

lining of the eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light

Back 29

retina

Front 30

area of the retina that is the center of the visual field

Back 30

Fovea

Front 31

specialized for light/dark vision, none in fovea

Back 31

Rods

Front 32

specialized for color vision, need bright light.

Back 32

Cones

Front 33

Human sight is most dependent on what for sight?

Back 33

Light (120 million rod receptors)

Front 34

Color message stages

Back 34

a. Rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve

Front 35

place where : Ganglion cells join to leave the eye

Back 35

Blind spot

Front 36

place where :Fibers separate to connect to each hemisphere

Back 36

Optic Nerve

Front 37

The actual color that is interpreted by the brain

Back 37

Hue

Front 38

Vividness or richness of a hue

Back 38

Saturation

Front 39

The Closeness to black or white of the hue

Back 39

Brightness

Front 40

Trichomatic theory describes 3 types of color receptive cones what are they?

Back 40

Red Cones,Green Cones, Blue-violet

Front 41

Explain the Trichomatic Theory

Back 41

the eye in regards to color is completely based on three colors, red green and blue. The receptors will adapt to different colors by controlling the power of the receptors. (yellow, red and green powerful but blue limited)

Front 42

Define the Opponent Process Theory

Back 42

Alternative theory; color vision that holds three sets of color receptors, Yellow-blue, green-red, black white (controls brightness) respond to determine color you experience. Called opponent process theory

Front 43

Define the pairs in the Opponent Process Theory

Back 43

Yellow-blue pairs, red-green pairs, black-white (brightness) pair

Front 44

What is the series of steps of which sound is received and interpreted to the brain

Back 44

Eardrum > hammer, anvil, stirrup > oval window > cochlea > receptors

Front 45

Define the Place theory of hearing

Back 45

Brain determines pitch by noting place on basilar membrane

Front 46

Define the Frequency theory of hearing

Back 46

Brain determines pitch by frequencies across basilar membrane

Front 47

Define the volley Principle and its relation with the Frequency theory of hearing

Back 47

Brain determines pitch by frequencies across basilar membrane
Receptors fire in specific sequences along the membrane

Front 48

Define the steps of how smell is received and interpreted

Back 48

Oderant binding protein> (protein enters nose) olfactory epithelium > olfactory bulb (has the receptors)

Front 49

define the steps of how taste is received and interpreted

Back 49

Tongue > papillae > taste buds > sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Front 50

What are the Kinesthetic senses?

Back 50

muscle movement, posture, strain on joints
example -Stretch receptors and Golgi tendon organs

Front 51

what are the Vestibular senses?

Back 51

Equilibrium and awareness of body position in space

Front 52

Define the Gate Theory of Pain

Back 52

Theory that a neurological gate is in the spinal cord that controls transmission of pain. The more open the gate is the more pain that can be felt

Front 53

Define the Biosychosocial theory for pain

Back 53

THe theory that the interaction of a biological psychological and cultural factors influence the intensity and duraiton of pain.

Front 54

What is a perceptual constancy?

Back 54

A tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation

Front 55

What characteristics of an observer can affect perceptual constancy?

Back 55

i. Motivation: Perceiving what we want to perceive
ii. Values: perceiving what we learn to value
iii. Expectations: Perceiving what we ought to perceive
iv. Cognitive style: perceiving what we’ve typically perceived
v. Experience and culture: misperceiving what we haven’t perceived before
vi. Personality: perceiving what individual differences lead us to perceive

Front 56

Define the difference between Monocular cues and Binocular cues

Back 56

Cues that can be noticed with one eye are monocular but cues that need both are Binocular

Front 57

Define Physical and perceptual illusions

Back 57

i. Physical illusions
a. The distortion of information reaching the receptor cells
ii. Perceptual illusions
a. Misleading cues that create inaccurate or impossible perceptions
i. Depth cues, reversible figures

Front 58

Define retinal disparity

Back 58

Binocular distance cue based on the difference between the images cast on the two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object

Front 59

What is the difference between monaural and binaural cues?

Back 59

Monaural cues - sound location that requires just one ear
Binaural cue- cue to sound location that involves both ears working together

Front 60

Define Auto kinetic illusion

Back 60

The perception that a stationary object is actually moving

Front 61

Define aerial perspective

Back 61

monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that more distant objects are likely to appear hazy and blurred

Front 62

Define linear perspective

Back 62

monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that two parallel lines seem to come together at the horizon

Front 63

Define motion parallax

Back 63

Monocular distance cue in which objects closer than the point of visual focus seem to move in the direction opposite to the viewer's moving head and objects beyond the focus point appear to move in the same direction as the viewer's head

Front 64

Define Texture gradient

Back 64

monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that objects seen at greater distances appear to be smoother and less textured

Front 65

Define stereoscopic vision

Back 65

Combination of two retinal images to give a three dimensional pereceptual experience

Front 66

Define Stroboscopic motion

Back 66

apparent movement that results from flashing a series of still pictures in rapid sucession as in motion picture

example- any movie film

Front 67

Define Phi phenomenon

Back 67

Apparent movement caused by flashing lights in sequence as on theater marquees

Front 68

Define Perceptual illusion

Back 68

illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli that give rise to inaccurate or impossible perceptions

Front 69

Define the difference between Size shape and color constancy

Back 69

Size- perception of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed
Shape- over shape, tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter the angle viewed
color- inclination to perceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes

Front 70

Define perceptual constancy

Back 70

Tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation

Front 71

Define the difference between figures and ground

Back 71

Figures are entities that are perceived to stand out from the background while the background is what the figure appears against.

Front 72

What are the receptors that sense muscle stretch and contraction *part of the kinesthetic senses

Back 72

Stretch Receptors

Front 73

What are receptors that sense movement of the tendons which connect muscle to bone?

Back 73

Golgi tendon organs