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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
developmental psychology
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a branch of society that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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zygote
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the fertilized egg, enters a two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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embryo
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the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month
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fetus
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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception of birth
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teratogens
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In some cases it may cause facial misproportions
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rooting reflex
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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
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habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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maturation
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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schema
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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assimilation
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interpreting ones experiences in terms of ones existing schemas
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accommodation
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adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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sensorimotor stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about two years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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object permanence
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not achieved
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preoperational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage ( from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental observations of concrete logic
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egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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conservation
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the principle (which Piaget believed to be apart of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and # remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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theory of mind
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people's ideas about their own and others mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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autism
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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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concrete operational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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formal operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive events cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about the abstract concepts
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stranger anxiety
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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imprinting
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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basic trust
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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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self-concept
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a sense of ones identity and personal worth
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adolescence
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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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puberty
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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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primary sex characteristics
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the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
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secondary sex characteristics
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non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breast and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
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identity
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one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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intimacy
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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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menopause
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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
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alzheimer's disease
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a progrssive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual detieroration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning
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cross-sectional study
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a study in which people of different ages are compared with another
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longitudinal study
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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
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crystallized intelligence
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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tend to increase with age
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fluid intelligence
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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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social clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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