Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Sensation
|
The biological process of receriving information from the environment.
The big 5 (vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste) |
|
|
|
Perception
|
The psychological process of organizing sensory information to make it meaningful.
MAKES SENSE OF YOUR SENSES! |
|
|
|
Absolute Threshold
|
The minimim amount of stimuli needed to detect a stimulus
|
|
|
|
Subliminal Messages
|
The registration of sensory input without concious awareness
(something presented below the absolute threshold) -we do not change our behaviour because of it |
|
|
|
Difference Threshold/Just Noticeable Difference
|
The amoung that something must be changed for the difference to be noticeable
(the smallest perceivable difference) |
|
|
|
Sensory Adaptation
|
The gradual loss of attention or reaction to unneeded or unwanted sensory information
-"getting used to it" -example: loud music |
|
|
|
Transduction
|
Process by which a sense organ changes physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses that are sent to the brain
|
|
|
|
Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Gamma rays; Xrays; Ultraviolet; Visible (ROYGBIV); Infrared; Microwaves; Radiowaves
|
|
|
|
White Light
|
Light as it originates from the sun or a bulb before it is broken into different frequencies
|
|
|
|
Light Waves
|
The waves that carry light to our eyes
|
|
|
|
Frequency/Wavelength/Color
|
The higher the frequency and wavelength, the warmer the color (and vice versa)
|
|
|
|
Amplitude/Brightness
|
The square of amplitude is proportional to the brightness of the wave
|
|
|
|
Cornea
|
Clear outer covering of the eye, behind which is fluid
-protects the eye -bends light |
|
|
|
Pupil
|
Opening in the eye, looks black, different emotions change size (disgust=small; pleasure=big), lets in light, dark/light dialates (dark=big; light=small)
|
|
|
|
Iris
|
Covered circular muscle that opens and closes, forming larger and smaller circles to control the amount of light getting into the eye (color part)
|
|
|
|
Lens
|
Part of the eye that focuses an image on the retina; flips image
|
|
|
|
Retina
|
Back of the eye which contains millions of light recpetors
|
|
|
|
Rods
|
NIGHTVISION; sees black and white only
|
|
|
|
Cones
|
Visual receptor that responds during daylight
|
|
|
|
Receptor Cells
|
The cells that receive the light waves from an object and send them to the correct place
|
vision...
|
|
|
Afterimage
|
The image remains after stimulation of the retina has ended; cones not used fire to bring the visual system back in balance
|
|
|
|
Fovea
|
Has many cones
|
|
|
|
Blindspot
|
Portion of the retina through which the optic nerve exits and where there are no light receptors
|
|
|
|
Optic Nerve
|
Where the nerve cells leave the eye
|
|
|
|
Color Blindness
|
Inability ro perceive an object as the same color, such as red and green
|
|
|
|
Monochromat
|
Have no color; see in black and white
|
|
|
|
Dichromat
|
Simply have trouble distinguishing between two colors
|
|
|
|
Nearsighted
|
When the image does not quote reach the fovea
|
|
|
|
Farsighted
|
When the image reaches past the fovea
|
|
|
|
Occipital Lobe
|
Division of the cerebral cortex that interprets visual info
|
|
|
|
Audition
|
The sense of hearing
|
|
|
|
Sound Waves
|
The stimulus of hearing
|
|
|
|
Frequency/Wavelength/Pitch
|
How how or low a sound is
|
|
|
|
Amplitude/Loudness/Decibels
|
A measure of how loud a sound is (intensity)
|
|
|
|
Outer Ear
|
Picks up sounds
-made up of the Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Eardrum |
|
|
|
Pinna
|
A sound-collecting cone that protrudes off the head
|
|
|
|
Auditory Canal
|
Sound collected by the pinna is funnelled to the ear drum through this canal
|
|
|
|
Eardrum
|
A piece of skin streched over the entrance to the ear; vibrates to sound
|
|
|
|
Middle Ear
|
Amplifies the sound
|
|
|
|
Ossicles
|
Smallest bones in the human body; vibrate and help pass vibrations along
|
|
|
|
Inner Ear
|
Transducts the sound
-Made up of the cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve, and semicircular canals |
|
|
|
Cochlea
|
Coil-filled tube filled with cilia that receives sound
|
|
|
|
Hair Cells
|
The hairlike extensions on cells that do the transduction
|
|
|
|
Auditory Nerve
|
Bundle of nerves carrying sound to the brain
|
|
|
|
Semicircular Canals
|
Responsible for equilibrium; filled with fluid
|
|
|
|
Temporal Lobe
|
The lobe that registers hearing
|
|
|
|
Conductive Deafness
|
Problems with mechanical structure that conducts sound waves to cochlea
|
|
|
|
Neural Deafness
|
Damage to cochlea's hair cell receptors of their associated nerves
|
|
|
|
Four Taste Receptors
|
-Bitter
-Sour -Sweer -Salty |
|
|
|
Supertasters
|
Individuals who can experience taste more intensely
|
|
|
|
Olfaction
|
The sense of smell
|
|
|
|
Olfactory Cells
|
While we have 347 functional odor receptor genes, each olfactory receptor neuron in the nose expresses only one functional odor receptor, and they function like key-lock system; if an odor is in the air and it fits into a "lock," the neuron will respond
|
|
|
|
Olfactory Bulb
|
A structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors. In mans, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain
|
|
|
|
Flavor
|
The sensory impression of a food or other substance, and is determined mainly by the chemical senses of taste and smell
|
|
|
|
Olfactory Cortex
|
In the brain, the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortext, the amygdala, and the entorhinal cortex are involved in the olfaction cortex
|
|
|
|
Touch
|
Cutaneous system
|
|
|
|
Cutaneous Receptors
|
Nerve receptors on the skin that respond to pressure, temperature, or pain
|
|
|
|
Sensory Strip
|
Band running down the side of the parietal lobe that registers and provides all sensation (touch only)
|
|
|
|
Parietal Lobe
|
Division of the cerebral cortex that contains the sensory strip
|
|
|
|
Phantom Limb
|
For example, when a leg gets amputated, the amputee feels as though the leg is still attached
|
|
|
|
Gestalt laws of Perceptual Organization
|
The laws that specify how our brains organize individual pieces into a complete perception
"The whole is difference from the sum of its parts" |
|
|
|
Gestalt laws of Perceptual Organization - Figure Ground
|
In organizing stimuli, we tend to automatically distinguish a figure from the background
|
|
|
|
Gestalt laws of Perceptual Organization - Closure
|
In organizing stimuli, we tend to fill in the missing parts of a figure and see it as complete (fill in the gaps)
|
|
|
|
Gestalt laws of Perceptual Organization - Similarity
|
In organizing stimuli, we group like things together (shape, size, color)
|
|
|
|
Gestalt laws of Perceptual Organization - Proximity
|
In organizing stimuli, we group things together that are near one another (geographically)
|
|
|
|
Depth Perception
|
Ability to see objects in 3D, judge distance, and see objects "out there" in space
|
|
|
|
Visual Cliff
|
If it appears that there is an end (or cliff) to something, then your brain tells you to stop walking otherwise you will fall off the cliff
|
baby and table
|
|
|
Binocular Depth Cues
|
Ability to perceive depth cues from both eyes (convergence and retinal disparity)
|
|
|
|
Convergence
|
Acts like a rangefinder to tell us how far away an object is; as an object gets nearer, our eyes swivel inward
|
|
|
|
Retinal Disparity
|
"Camera one, camera two"
Brain receives two slightly different pictures of the same thing |
|
|
|
Monocular Depth Cues
|
Ability to perceive depth cues from only one eye (interposition, relative size, linear perspective, and texture gradient)
|
|
|
|
Interposition
|
Allows us to perceive depth due to the overlapping of objects
|
|
|
|
Relative Size
|
When objects are all the same size, the largest one appears to be the closest
|
|
|
|
Linear Perspective
|
Parallel lines converge in the distance
|
|
|
|
Texture Gradient
|
The more detailed an object appears, the closer it is perceived
|
|
|
|
Perceptual Constancies
|
The perceiving of objects is unchanging
|
|
|
|
Size Constancy
|
Our perception of something different distances away does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Color Constancy
|
Our perception of something different colors does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Lightness/Brightness Constancy
|
Our perception of something with different brightnes levels does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Shape Constancy
|
Our perception of something of different shapes does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Space Constancy
|
Perceiving either ourself or the outside as moving when it actually isn't
-examples: driving in a car, roller coaster |
|
|
|
Perceptual Set
|
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
-mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other |
|
|
|
Illusions
|
Misperceptions or an error in perception
-occurs when our constancies or gestalt laws fail us |
|
|
|
Retinal Disparity
|
"Camera one, camera two"
Brain receives two slightly different pictures of the same thing |
|
|
|
Monocular Depth Cues
|
Ability to perceive depth cues from only one eye (interposition, relative size, linear perspective, and texture gradient)
|
|
|
|
Interposition
|
Allows us to perceive depth due to the overlapping of objects
|
|
|
|
Relative Size
|
When objects are all the same size, the largest one appears to be the closest
|
|
|
|
Linear Perspective
|
Parallel lines converge in the distance
|
|
|
|
Texture Gradient
|
The more detailed an object appears, the closer it is perceived
|
|
|
|
Perceptual Constancies
|
The perceiving of objects is unchanging
|
|
|
|
Size Constancy
|
Our perception of something different distances away does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Color Constancy
|
Our perception of something different colors does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Lightness/Brightness Constancy
|
Our perception of something with different brightnes levels does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Shape Constancy
|
Our perception of something of different shapes does not change, even though the image on the retina changes
|
|
|
|
Space Constancy
|
Perceiving either ourself or the outside as moving when it actually isn't
-examples: driving in a car, roller coaster |
|
|
|
Perceptual Set
|
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
-mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other |
|
|
|
Illusions
|
Misperceptions or an error in perception
-occurs when our constancies or gestalt laws fail us |
|
|
|
Impossible Figures
|
???
|
|
|
|
Poggendorff Illusion
|
involves the brain's perception of the interaction between diagonal lines and horizontal and vertical edges
|
|
|
|
Muller Lyer Illusion
|
an optical illusion consisting of nothing more than an arrow. When viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the mid-point, they invariably place it more towards the "tail" end. Another variation consists of two arrow-like figures, one with both ends pointing in, and the other with both ends pointing out. When asked to judge the lengths of the two lines, which are equal, viewers will typically claim that the inward pointing pair is longer
|
|
|
|
Ponzo Illusion
|
The upper line looks longer because we interpret the converging sides according to linear perspective as parallel lines receding into the distance
|
|
|
|
Zollner Illusion
|
In this figure the black lines seem to be unparallel, but in reality they are parallel. The shorter lines are on an angle to the longer lines. This angle helps to create the impression that one end of the longer lines is nearer to us than the other end
|
|
|
|
Hermann Grid
|
when looking at a grid of black squares on a white (or light-colored) background, one will have the impression that there are "ghostlike" grey blobs at the intersections of the white lines. The grey blobs disappear when looking directly at an intersection.
|
|
|
|
Ames Room
|
An Ames room is constructed so that from the front it appears to be an ordinary cubic-shaped room, with a back wall and two side walls perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the horizontally level floor and ceiling. However, this is a trick of perspective and the true shape of the room is trapezoidal: the walls are slanted and the ceiling and floor are at an incline, and the right corner is much closer to the front-positioned observer than the left corner (or vice versa).
As a result of the optical illusion, a person standing in one corner appears to the observer to be a giant while a person standing in the other corner appears to be a dwarf. The illusion is convincing enough that a person walking back and forth from the left corner to the right corner actually appears to be growing or shrinking. |
|
|
|
Extra Sensory Perception
|
the ability to acquire information by means other than the known senses of taste, sight, touch, smell, hearing, balance and proprioception. The term implies sources of information unknown to science. Extra-sensory perception is also sometimes referred to as a sixth sense
|
|
|
|
Precognition
|
a form of extra-sensory perception. Believers in precognition say it allows a "percipient" to perceive information about future places or events before they happen
|
|
|
|
Telepathy
|
the communication of information from one mind to another by means other than the known perceptual senses
|
|
|
|
Clairvoyence
|
a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a person acquires psychic knowledge primarily by visual means. A clairvoyant may perceive distant objects, persons, or events, including viewing targets hidden behind opaque objects
|
|
|
|
Psychokinesis
|
he influence of mind upon matter, as the use of mental 'power' to move or distort an object
|
|
