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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the first two years of life infants begin to learn that their actions affect their environment. Piaget called this stage the
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sensorimotor period
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In this prenatal stage the lungs, brain, and heart develop rapidly. The fetus can move, kick, and open its eyes. When does this stage occur?
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nine weeks until birth
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Seeking social approval is characteristic of decision making of children in the ___________ level of moral development.
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postconventional
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Lisa is tutoring a student after school. When helping the student she gives them only enough information to figure it out themselves, nothing more. This is known as __________.
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scaffolding
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Jack's parents are really supportive of whatever he wants to do. He doesn't have a curfew or any chores. He can come and go as he pleases. Last week Jack got arrested but was not punished. Which of the following parenting styles best fits with Jack's life?
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Indulgent-permissive
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Which of the following infants display intense negative moods, display an irregular daily routine, and withdrawal from unfamiliar situations?
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Difficult
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Accommodation
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involves changing existing schemas to incorporate new information.
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Parents who express emotional warmth and medium control are using which of the following parenting styles?
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Authoritative
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Melanie finally graduated college. Now that she has her degree she doesn't really want to get a job. Which identity status is she most likely in?
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Moratorium
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Which of the following infants display low activity levels, withdrawal from unfamiliar situations, and often display mildly negative moods?
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Slow-to-warm-up
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Every year on vacation your parents videotape the whole family together. This is an example of a _________ design.
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longitudinal
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IUPUI offered free hearing tests to all IUPUI students. The psychology department compared the results of those less than 35 years old to those who were over 35 years old. This is an example of ___________ design
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cross-sectiona
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Which of the following infants have a regular daily routine, adapts to change easily and display moderately positive moods
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Easy
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This stage lasts from 9 weeks to birth. It is also the stage where the sex of the baby can be determined. This stage is known as the _________ stage.
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fetal
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Defining your own personal standards of right and wrong are characteristic of the ________ level of moral development.
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postconventional
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In this stage of separation children showed renewed energy, became more sociable and were apathetic about thier caregivers' return. This stage is known as ________.
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detachment
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Crystallized intelligence
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increases throughout the lifespan.
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__________ theorists support the "nature" side of the "nature vs. nurture" debate.
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Organismic
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Children at the _________ level of moral development base decisions on avoiding punishment or by what is in their own best interest.
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preconventional
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As part of the organismic theory maturation is
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Genetic.
Similar from one person to the next |
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50 incoming college freshman and 100 graduating seniors were given a survey about college life on August 20th. This is an example of which type of research design?
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cross-sectional
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By eight or nine months infants begin to learn that if an object is hidden, the object did not cease to exist. This is known as __________.
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object permanence
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John Bowlby found tha timmediately after separation from their caregiver children were upset, cried, and looked for their mothers. He called this ________.
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protest
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Which of the following attachment theorists worked with Rhesus monkeys
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Harlow
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Which of the following is an attachment theorist?
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Ainsworth
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Brothers Billy and Ben are arguing over two glasses of milk. Billy's glass is tall and skinny, while Ben's glass is short and fat. Their mother poured the same amount of milk in each glass, but the boys continue to fight. Piaget would say it is because the boys have not yet developed
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Conservation
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Which of the following attachment theorists worked with Rhesus monkeys
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Harlow
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Approxiamately ____% of children in the U.S. have a secure attachment with their mothers
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65
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The difference between what the child has already internalized versus what the child can do with help is ____________.
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The zone of proximal development
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This group of theorists believe that environmental forces trigger internal changes and emphasize the interaction of all the various components of a person.
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Transactional/Dialectic
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Every year on vacation your parents videotape the whole family together. This is an example of a _________ design.
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longitudinal
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Which of the following infants display low activity levels, withdrawal from unfamiliar situations, and often display mildly negative moods?
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Slow-to-warm-up
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n this stage of Bowlby's attachment theory children seem to be hopeless, withdrawn, and inactive. This stage is _______.
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despair
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n this stage of prenatal development the embryo begins to develop a head and facial features. What stage is this?
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Embryonic Stage
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John Bowlby found tha timmediately after separation from their caregiver children were upset, cried, and looked for their mothers. He called this ________.
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protest
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The "A" in the E.A.S. approach stands for the amount and strength of behavior or
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Activity
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According to Erikson's theory, which crisis is associated with late adulthood?
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Integrity vs. despair
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This stage lasts from 9 weeks to birth. It is also the stage where the sex of the baby can be determined. This stage is known as the _________ stage.
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fetal
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50 incoming college freshman and 100 graduating seniors were given a survey about college life on August 20th. This is an example of which type of research design?
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cross-sectional
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Upon high school graduation 18 year old seniors were asked by their counselor to complete a survey. The counselor then compares the results to the same survey given to the same group four years earlier. This is an example of __________ design.
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ongitudinal
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__________ was a critic of Kohlberg's theory.
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Gilligan
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Which parenting style exhibits low warmth and low control?
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Indifferent uninvolved
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___________, in which children understand that if something has not been added or taken away a given quantity remains the same, occurs in the _____________.
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Conservation; concrete operational period
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In the first two years of life infants begin to learn that their actions affect their environment. Piaget called this stage the
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sensorimotor period
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Which of the following infants have a regular daily routine, adapts to change easily and display moderately positive moods.
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Easy
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The prenatal stage in which most miscarriages and defects occur is the __________ stage.
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embryonic
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The Harlows studied
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attachment in monkeys
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Kristi has begun to make fun of an "unpopular" boy at school in hopes of gaining approval and becoming friends with the "popular" crowd. According to Kohlberg she is functioning at this level of moral development
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conventional, stage 3
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n this stage of separation children showed renewed energy, became more sociable and were apathetic about thier caregivers' return. This stage is known as ________.
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detachment
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Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg would be considered which type of theorist
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organismic
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Being a victim of severe persecution, a natural disaster, motor vehicle accident or any other highly acute stressor would put you at risk for which disorder?
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Posttraumatic stress disorder
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After receiving a horrible grade on your biology assignment you decide that your teacher has it in for you and you stop attending class. This is an example of
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learned helplessness
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A blizzard has hit the Indianapolis area. No one can leave their house, not even to go to the grocery. You decide that you have nothing to worry about because you just went shopping for food yesterday and have enough supplies to make it until the storm is over. This would be an example of a __________.
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secondary appraisal
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According to the diathesis-stress model, a person is more likely to develop a disorder if
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The person has a predisposition for a disorder accompanied by an environmental stressor
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Which of the following is a type of stressor?
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frustration, conflict
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The Yerkes-Dodson Law
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A. links arousal to performance
B. shows how some stress actually increases performance C. shows how too much stress can have a negative impact on performance |
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Which of the following are behavioral reactions to stress?
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A. Learned helplessness
B. Aggression C. Overindulgence |
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The Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) Model attempts to describe which of the following
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How a family balances it's resources
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n Holmes and Rahe's study, major life events are rated on a scale, with marriage being given the arbitrary value of __
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50
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One of the most common ways to deal with stress is a method in which one flexes various muscles and then relaxes them. This method is called _______?
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progressive muscular relaxation
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The _____________ law is generalized to explain how stressors influence performance or even how stress effects our lives in general.
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Yerkes-Dodson
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Easy-going and patient behavior is considered what?
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Type B
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Which of the following is a Type A personality characteristic?
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A. Hostility
B. Competitiveness C. Increased risk of coronary heart disease |
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Melanie is taking a difficult biology course and is not doing very well. She is upset because failing this class would keep her out of the very competitive nursing school, something that has been a longtime goal of hers. Melanie is experiencing
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Frustration
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_______ have more effect on our mental health than ________.
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daily hassles, major life events
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Commitment, challenge and control are factors in
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hardiness
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Waking up late, trying to find a parking space, and getting a flat tire are all which type of stressor?
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Daily Hassles
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Mary is looking for a new car and has found one she really likes. The problem is that it looks great, but has 75,000 miles. Mary is experiencing this type of conflict
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approach-avoidance
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale contains 43
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Major Life Events
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In which type of behavioral coping would a person attempt to change a stressor itself?
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task-oriented
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale contains
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43 Major events
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Exercise is what kind of coping strategy?
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Behavioral
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Jack was riding on a ferris-wheel wheel at the fair when suddenly it became stuck. Jack had to sit in mid-air for fifteen minutes in which during this time he did nothing but gripe, complain and yell at the people working the ride. Jack most likely has which of the following?
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Type A
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Psychological burnout is a __________ reaction to a stressor.
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Psychological
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A blizzard has hit the Indianapolis area. No one can leave their house, not even to go to the grocery. You decide that you have nothing to worry about because you just went shopping for food yesterday and have enough supplies to make it until the storm is over. This would be an example of a __________.
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Secondary appraisal
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A stressor is
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Something that causes stress
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Your little brother wants to attend a camp this summer to loose a little weight but is afraid that he will be ridiculed at school if anyone finds out he went to "fat camp." This example best illustrates
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An approach-avoidance conflict
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An individual's first assesment or perception of the relevance and stressfulness of a situation is called________.
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primary appraisal
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What is the most notable criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
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Assigning a number to life events assumes that everyone is affected in the same way by those events
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In Holmes and Rahe's study, major life events are rated on a scale, with marriage being given the arbitrary value of ____.
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50
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Which of the following are behavioral reactions to stress?
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A. Learned helplessness
B. Aggression C. Overindulgence |
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Commitment, challenge and control are factors in
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hardiness
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_______ have more effect on our mental health than ________.
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daily hassles, major life events
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Which of the following is a psychological coping method?
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defense mechanisms
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Today is a good day! Joan has just opened the refrigerator and found both strawberry and chocolate icecream, both of which she loves. The trouble is she cannot decide which one to eat. Which type of stressor is Joan experiencing?
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conflict
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Who is associated with the general adaptation syndrome?
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Selye
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According to the diathesis-stress model, a person is more likely to develop a disorder if
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The person has a predisposition for a disorder accompanied by an environmental stressor
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One factor that can contribute to whether or not a person will develop a disease is _______.
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stress
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Due to the fact that Judy Wagner became pregnant unexpectedly, the Wagner family decided that their current house was too small. The family decided that because they have enough money they would be able to buy a bigger house. This is an example of ________ appraisal.
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secondary
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Julie wants to work out after school but she also wants to hang out with her boyfriend. Julie is experiencing an ______-_______ type of conflict.
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approach-approach
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Daily Hassles
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Persistent, everyday problems and nuisances
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Choosing among 2 or more options
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Conflict
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feelings resulting from the difference b/w Expectations
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pressure
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frustrations
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Obstacles that block pursuit of a goal
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Patterns or Factors Related to Stressors
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Personal
Social Environment |
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pressure =
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expectations-resources
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Anger =
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frustrations
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Anxiety=
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pressure
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Sadness=
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confict
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Developmental Psychology
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Nature
Nurture & Nature, Nurture |
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Nature Side is...
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1. organismic theory
a. genetics b. maturation c. qualitatively different stages |
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Nurture Side is....
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1. mechanistic theory a. environment
b. gradual change c. quantitative → learning theorists |
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Nature Side developed by...
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Piaget & Freud
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Nature & Nurture
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1. transactional theory → dialectic
a. genetics and environment b. person: biological & psychological c. environment: physical & cultural |
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Nature & Nurture developed by...
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Vygotsky
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Research Designs
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Longitudinal
Cross-Sectional Sequential Research (cross-lag) |
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Nature & Nurture developed by...
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Vygotsky
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longitudinal Research
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1. One group research
2. data collected more than once |
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Research Designs
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Longitudinal
Cross-Sectional Sequential Research (cross-lag) |
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Cross-Sectional Research...
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1.More than one group studied
2. Data collected once |
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longitudinal Research
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1. One group research
2. data collected more than once |
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Sequential Research
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1. More than one group studied
2. Data collected more than once |
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Cross-Sectional Research...
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1.More than one group studied
2. Data collected once |
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Sequential Research
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1. More than one group studied
2. Data collected more than once |
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Prenatal Period
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1. Germinal Stage
2. Embryonic Stage 3. Fetal Stage |
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Germinal Stage
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Conception- 2nd week
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Embryonic Stage
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2nd week- 8th week
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Fetal Stage
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9th week- birth
16th week= gender recognizable 7th month: survive if born prematurely. |
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Teratogens.....
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Critical peroid
1. Viral Infections 2. Smoking & Alcohol 3. Malnutrition |
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Viral Infections....
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1. Rubella
2. German Measles heart problem, mental retardation, deafness |
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Smoking and Alcohol....
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
bodily defects, mental handicaps.... |
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Malnutrition......
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1. Anemia
2. Vitamin A, Zinc & Iodine deficiency |
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Iodine deficiency can lead to...
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low birth rate
death in first month mental retardation diabetes heart disease |
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Infant Development
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1.Psychomotor development
2. Attachment |
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Psychomotor Development
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1. Cephalocaudal Trend
2. proximodistal Trend |
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Cephalocaudal trend is
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head to toe development
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Proximodistal trend is
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Center- outward development
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Attachement Theory
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1. Harlows
2. John Bowlby 3. Mary Ainsworth |
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The Harlows is
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a. rhesus monkey experiment
b. contact comfort |
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John Bowlby determined
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a. infant in natural setting
b. separation sequence • protest • despair • detachment |
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Mary Ainsworth determined
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a. infant in “strange situation” setting b. types of attachment
• secure attachment • anxious-ambivalent attachment • avoidant attachment • disorganized attachment |
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4 types of Parenting styles
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a. authoritative b. indifferent-uninvolved c. indulgent-permissive d. authoritarian
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Authoritative parenting style ...
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Parents give explanations and encourage discussions.
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Authoritarian parenting style
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Parents lay down the law and expect children to follow it.
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indifferent-uninvolved parenting style
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parents provide basic need but do not spend time with child.
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indulgent-permissive Parenting style
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parents accept children behavior regardless.
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Types of infants
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a. easy infant b. slow-to-warm-up infant c. difficult infant
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Easy infants ...
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easily adapt to change, and display moderate positive moods
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slow to warm up infants...
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display low activity level, withdraws from unfamilar situation, slow to adapt to change, displays mildly negative moods
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difficult infants
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irregular home routine, withdrawls from unfamilar situations, slow to adapt change, intense negative mood
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ESA Approach.....
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Emotionality
Activity Sociability |
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Emotionality is....
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strength of the emotional response, how easy it can be triggered, time to return to normal
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Activity is...
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amount and strength of behavior
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Sociability is
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the childs preference to being with other children.
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