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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Learning?
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A process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes
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What is Habituation?
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Learning not to respond to stimulation
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What are instincts?
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Motivated behaviors that have a strong innate basis
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What is Mere exposure effect?
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Learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed
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What is Behavioral Learning
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Forms of learning that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses
(e.g. classical and operant conditioning) |
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What is Classical conditioning?
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A stimulus that produces an innate response (such as jumping) is associated with a previously neutral stimulus
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What is Neutral Stimulus?
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Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning
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What is acquisition?
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Initial learning stage in classical conditioning
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What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
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Unconditioned Stimulus
(food powder in mouth) The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response |
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What is Unconditioned Response?
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Unconditioned Response
(Salivation) The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning |
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What is Conditioned Stimulus?
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Condition Stimulus
(Ringing of the bell) A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response |
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What is Conditioned Response?
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Conditioned Response
(Ringing of the Bell Salivation) A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the conditioned stimulus |
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What is Extinction?
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Weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer
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What is Spontaneous Recovery?
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Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay
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What is Stimulus generalization?
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Stimulus generalization involves giving a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS
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What is Stimulus Discrimination?
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Stimulus discrimination involves responding to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar (will not do behavior unless stimulus is similar)
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What is Operant Conditioning?
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Behaviors are learned by consequences such as rewards and punishments, which influence the behavior to happen again
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What is Trial and Error?
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Learner gradually discovers the correct response by attempting many behaviors and noting which ones produce the desired consequences
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What is Thorndike-law of effect?
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Thorndike-law of effect - The greater the satisfaction or discomfort, the greater the strengthening or weakening of the bond.
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What are Positive Reinforcers?
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Positive reinforcers –
Stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again • Positive = add or apply |
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What are Negative Reinforcers?
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Removal of an unpleasant stimulus, that increases the probability of that response happening again
• Negative = subtract or remove |
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What is Instinctive Drift?
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innate response tendencies interfere with learned behaviors; innate tendencies can override behaviors learned through reinforcement
e.g., reinforcing your cat to not scratch the furniture |
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What is Premack Principle?
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a preferred activity can reinforce a less preferred activity
e.g., children sitting quietly in class in order to go out for recess |
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What is Continuous Reinforcement?
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Reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced
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What is Partial Reinforcement?
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Reinforcement schedule in which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced
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What are Primary Reinforcers?
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Reinforcers that fulfill basic biological needs or desires, such as food and sex, that have an innate basis to an organism
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What are Secondary Reinforcers?
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Stimuli, such as money or tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association with primary reinforcers
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