Psychology Chapter 2

Front 1

Two core principles of Science

Back 1

1. The universe operates according to certain natural laws

2. Such laws are discoverable and testable

Front 2

Scientific Method

Back 2

Science is founded upon, it is a based upon inductive reasoning (generating broad conclusions)

Front 3

Process of modern science begins with scientists making an educated guess about how the world works, followed by the design of controlled observations to test that hypothesis (Steps x4)

Back 3

1. Make observation

2. Develop a hypothesis

3. Test hypothesis

4. Build a theory

Front 4

What does psychology share with science?

Back 4

Describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling objects of study

Front 5

Pseudo psychology (pseudoscience)

Back 5

No use of the scientific method related to human behaviour and mental processes

Front 6

Independent Variable

Back 6

Changing or influencing something else

One that is manipulated

Front 7

Dependent Variable

Back 7

Is changed or influenced by the IV, changes as a result from manipulating the IV

Front 8

How do psychologists conduct research?

Back 8

1. Begin with a hypothesis based on an observation

2. Conduct research with a sample

3. Draw conclusions based on cause and effect relationships

Front 9

Double blind procedure

Back 9

Neither the researcher or the participants know which group they belong to (control or experimental group)

Front 10

Ethic duties to participants

Back 10

1. Obtain informed consent

2. Protect participants from harm and discomfort

3. Protect participant confidentiality

4. Debrief participants at the end of the research participation

Front 11

Theory

Back 11

An educated guess about how things work in the world

-theory --> hypothesis

Front 12

Blind Study

Back 12

Researcher doesn't know which group is the control or experimental

Front 13

Operationalization

Back 13

Define/measure all the variables in a study to make them measurable

Front 14

Control Group

Back 14

Gets anything but the treatment to ensure changes are governed by the experiment

Front 15

Experimental group

Back 15

Receive the treatment

Front 16

Mean difference (descriptive statistics)

Back 16

Describes the data

Front 17

Significant difference (inferential statistics)

Back 17

Did it occur by chance?

Front 18

Demand characteristics (expectancy effects)

Back 18

Researcher expects certain results

Front 19

Hawthorne effect

Back 19

People change behaviour when they are being observed

Front 20

Extraneous Variables

Back 20

Creep into the study, can throw off results (ie. sleep deprivation, metabolism)

Front 21

Principles of the Scientific Endeavour (x3)

Back 21

1. Objectivity

2. Systematic Observation (improves accuracy)

3. Replicability

Front 22

The 6 Step Scientific Method

Back 22

1. State the problem (research question)

2. Develop a hypothesis

3. Design a study/ collect data (IV, DV, how many controlled, experimental groups?)

4. Analyze data and draw conclusions (support, reject hypothesis)

5. Report results/ replicate study (what can be changed to better replicate?)

6. Build a theory

Front 23

Correlations

Back 23

Show how 2 or more things are related to each other

POSITIVE : one variable increases the other increases

NEGATIVE : one variable increases, the other decreases

(perfect pos) +1 ------- -1 (perfect neg)

Front 24

Causality

Back 24

Relationship between conduct and result

Front 25

Standard Deviation

Back 25

How much the participants scores vary from one another

Front 26

p-value p< 0.05

Back 26

Tells you the probability that the results of your experiment are not due to chance