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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a prediction or assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research |
hypothesis |
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to repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study |
replicate |
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the total group to be studied, or described and from whom samples may be drawn |
target population |
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a representative segment of a target population |
sample |
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an in-depth study of a single person or group to reveal some universal principle |
case study |
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the study of behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulation or control on the part of the observer |
naturalistic observation |
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the relationship between variables |
correlation |
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a factor that is measured or controlled in a scientific study |
variable |
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in an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment |
control group |
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an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance |
placebo |
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rules and standards for proper and responsible behavior |
ethics |
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an agreement by an individual to participate in research after receiving information about the purpose of the study and the nature of the treatment |
informed consent |
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STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH -Form a ________ -Form a ________ -______ the hypothesis -Analyze ______ -Draw a _______ |
question hypothesis Test Results conclusion |
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Samples must be selected ______ to ensurethat the samples accurately represent the______ they are supposed to represent |
scientifically populations |
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION several types of testsmeasure various elements of human behaviorsuch as abilities, interests, and personality |
Testing Method |
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION researchers conduct indepthinvestigations of individuals or smallgroups |
Case-study Method |
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION a group of participantsare observed at intervals over an extendedperiod of time |
Longitudinal Method |
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION researchers comparethe differences and similarities among peoplein different age groups at a given time |
Cross-Sectional Method |
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION researchersobserve the behavior of people or animals intheir natural habitats |
Naturalistic-Observation Method |
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION participantsare observed in a laboratory setting |
Laboratory-Observation Method |
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measures how closely one thing isrelated to another |
Correlation |
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PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS Researchers conduct experiments to learnabout ______ and _______. |
cause and effect |
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include independentand dependent variables, experimental andcontrol groups, and the placebo effect. |
Elements of experiments |
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ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH Protect study participants from _____ Maintain the scientific ______ of the study Promote the ______ of the individual Foster human welfare Confidentiality Informed Consent |
harm integrity dignity |
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Psychologists came up with research questions based upon: -Everyday ________ and common _____ -Other research ______ -______ |
experiences, sense studies Folklore |
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One method that helps researchers gather information from many people is a _____ |
survey |
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To ensure that a sample represents a target population, researchers select people at ________ from the target population |
random |
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Men have traditionally taken part in psychological studies more of than women because Older studies drew participants from the ______ and ________ |
military and universities |
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The testing method of observation investigates human behavior through ________ tests ________ tests ________ tests |
Personality test Aptitude tests Intelligence tests |
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Scientists are cautious about making generalizations from case studies because case studies cannot always be _______ |
replicated |
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The greatest drawback to of the longitudinal method of is that participants in the study may ____ _____ |
May drop out |
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Observing the way people eat in a restaurant is an example of |
Naturalistic observation |
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“Skinner boxes” are examples of __________ observation |
Laboratory observation |
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After making their observations, scientists study their data using |
Correlation |
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In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to Show the ____ of the treatment and no other ______ |
effect, factors |
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A placebo is often as effective as taking a medication because A person's _______ affect the ______ of a treatment |
expectations, results |
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A ___________ is sometimes needed because researchers Many have expectations that effect their observations |
double-blind study |
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Psychologists keep the records of their research participants confidential to encourage participants to tell the ______ |
truth |
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According to the American Psychological Association, psychologists can deceive participants in an experiment if there are no ______ _______ from the study |
harmful effects |
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Scientists sometimes _______ a study using different participants in order to Make sure that the findings are _____ for different groups of people |
replicate, true |
