Psychology Chapter 15

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Front 2

Attribution Theory

Back 2

tendency to give a casual explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Front 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 3

tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Front 4

Attitude

Back 4

belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Front 5

Social Thinking

Back 5

our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences

Front 6

Foot in the Door Phenomenon

Back 6

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 7

Role

Back 7

set of expectations about a social position

*defines how those in the position ought to behave

Front 8

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 8

we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

Front 9

Conformity

Back 9

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Front 10

Normative Social Influence

Back 10

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Front 11

Asch's Experiment

Back 11

found 1/3 of the time, college students were more apt to go with the "wrong answer" instead of the "right"

Front 12

Informational Social Influence

Back 12

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality

Front 13

Milgram's Experiment

Back 13

studied obedience and punishment

Front 14

Social Facilitation

Back 14

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

Front 15

Social Loafing

Back 15

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Front 16

Deindividuation

Back 16

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Front 17

Group Polarization

Back 17

enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

Front 18

Groupthink

Back 18

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives

Front 19

Prejudice

Back 19

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Front 20

Stereotype

Back 20

a generalized belief about a group of people

Front 21

Discrimination

Back 21

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Front 22

Companionate Love

Back 22

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Front 23

Equity

Back 23

a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Front 24

Self-Disclosure

Back 24

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Front 25

Altruism

Back 25

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Front 26

Bystander Effect

Back 26

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Front 27

Social Exchange Theory

Back 27

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Front 28

Ingroup

Back 28

"us" - people with whom one shares a common identity

Front 29

Outgroup

Back 29

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup

Front 30

Ingroup Bias

Back 30

tendency to favor one's own group

Front 31

Scapegoat Theory

Back 31

theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Front 32

Just-World Phenomenon

Back 32

tendency of people to believe the world is just people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Front 33

Aggression

Back 33

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Front 34

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Back 34

principle that frusteration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Front 35

Conflict

Back 35

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Front 36

Social Trap

Back 36

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Front 37

Mere Exposure Effect

Back 37

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Front 38

Passionate Love

Back 38

an aroused state of intense postive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship