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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the study of how people use cognitive processes such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion to help make sense of other people as well as themselves
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social cognition
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a general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or support
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social schema
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the collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members, common sterotypes include those based on gender, race and our age
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stereotypes
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a condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way
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self-fulfilling prophecy effect
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positive or negative evaluations of a group and its members
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prejudice
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behaviors that are directed against members of a group
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discrimination
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the inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behavior
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attributions
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attributing the cause of a persons behavior to an external event or situation in the environment
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external attribution
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attributing the cause of a persons behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition
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internal attribution
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when people seek to interpret someone elses behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors
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fundamental attribution error
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the overall tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources but to attribute the behavior of others to internal souces
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actor-observer effect
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the tendency to make internal attributions about ones own behavior when the outcome is positive and to blame the situation when ones behavior leads to something negative
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self-serving bias
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a positive or negative evaluation which, in turn, predisposes us to act in certain ways; attitudes are typically broken down into cognitive, affective, and behavioral components
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attitude
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a model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change: central route, which operates when we are motivated and focusing our attention on the message, and a peripheral route, which operates when we are either unmotivated to process the message or unable to do so
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elaboration likelihood model
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feature of the person who is presenting a persuasive message, such as his or attractiveness, amount of power, or fame
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source characteristics
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the tension is produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes
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cognitive dissonance
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the idea that people use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs
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self-perception theory
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the study of how the behaviors and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others
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social influence
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the enhancement in performance that is sometime found when an individual performs in the presence of others
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social facilitation
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the impairment in performances that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others
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social interference
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acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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altruism
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the reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present
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bystander effect
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the tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone
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social loafing
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the loss of individuality, or depersonalization, that comes from being in a group
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deindividualization
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the tendency to comply with the wishes of the group; when people conform, their opinions, feelings, and behaviors generally start to move toward the group norm
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conformity
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a group of individuals with whom one shares features in common or with whom one identifies
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in-group
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when one is excluded and ignored by one or more members of a group
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ostracism
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the tendency for groups dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time
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group polarization
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the tendency for members of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views
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groupthink
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the form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure
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obedience
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the tendency for people to return in kind the feelings that are shown towards them
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reciprocity
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an intense emotional state characterized by a powerful longing to be with a specific person; passionate love is marked by a combination of intimacy and passion, but commitment may be lacking
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passionate love
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a kind of emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trust and companionship; companionate love is marked by a combination of intimacy and commitment, but the passion may be lacking
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companionate love
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a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population
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statistical deviance
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a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society
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cultural deviance
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a criterion of abnormality sating that abnormal behaviors are those that lead to distress or emotional upset
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emotional distress
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a breakdown in normal functioning; abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursing adaptive strategies
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dysfunction
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a legal term usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense ,at the time of a crime
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insanity
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the view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease", which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy
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medical model
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the fact that labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies; the label may make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it may actually increase the likelihood that a personal will act an abnormal way
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diagnostic labeling effects
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the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, which is used for the diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders
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DSM
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a class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning
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anxiety disorders
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excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety, that lasts and cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source.
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generalized anxiety disorder
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a condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder that causes an individual to restrict his or her normal activities; someone suffering from agoraphobia tends to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack will occur
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agoraphobia
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a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation
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phobic disorder
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intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations
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social anxiety diorder
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a disorder that manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions
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obsessive-compulsion disorder
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psychological disorders that focus on the physical body. These disorders can be associated with specific body complaints and/ or excessive worry about the possibility of contracting a serious disease
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somatic symptom disorders
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the presence of real physical problems, such as blindness or paralysis, that seem to have no identifiable physical cause
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conversion disorder
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a class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
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dissociative disorders
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a psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information
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dissociative amnesia
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a loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home
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dissociative fugue
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a condition in which an individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities (multiple personality disorder)
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Dissociative identity disorder |
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prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state
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depressive disorders
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a type of disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms
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major depressive episode
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a type of disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shift in two directions from depression to a manic
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bipolar disorder
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a disorder state in which the person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and had a decreased need for sleep; a person in a manic state may engage in activities that are self-destructive or dangerous
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manic episode
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a class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior
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schizophrenia
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chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning
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personality disorders
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a personality disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of entitlement, which leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention
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narcissistic personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms
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antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by problems with emotional disorder characterized by problems with emotional regulation, social relationships ,and sense of self
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borderline personality disorder
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the idea that psychological disorders are influenced, or caused, by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
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bio-psycho-social perspective
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a general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment; learned helplessness may play a role in depression
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learned helplessness
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true or false? Stereotypes produce an overemphasis on within-group differences?
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false
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john acts nervous when he talks with his psychology professor. If many other students also act nervous in that situation, the covariaiton model would be described as?
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high in consensus
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according to Kelly's covariation model, internal attributions are most likely when there is
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high consistency, low consensus, and low distinctiveness
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election commercials that attempt to persuade viewers by listinging the candidates views and accomplishments are using
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a central route strategy
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according to your text, negative evaluations of a group and its members defines
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prejudice
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cognitive dissonance occurs when
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a persons behavior is not consistent with his/her attitude
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abe had made 100% of his free throws when alone in the gym, but when the coaches showed up, he missed four in a row. This is an example of
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social interference
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when a student gets up and leaves during the middle of his lecture, Dr. Marsh is more likely to think "That student is a rude fool" than "That student must be ill." this illustrates
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a fundamental attribution error
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when the quarterback threw a game-winning pass, he attributed his success to his great skill. When he threw a disastrous interception, he attributed his failure to a gust of wind. This pattern represents
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a self-serving bias
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although 20 people saw tyrones serious fall, several minutes past before anybody came over for help. This lack of help can be explained in terms of
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diffusion of responsibility
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Don is normally a hard worker, but when fifty people showed up to clean the ballpark, Don watched more then he worked. Dons behavior is most similar to
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social loafing
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Bem's self-perception theory has been used to explain
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a foot-in-the-door technique
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April knows she is 20lbs to heavy to look good in low-rider jeans, but because everybody else is wearing them, so is she. Aprils behavior reflects
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conformity
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In the after math of the world trade center attack, many people immediately stopped to help strangers who were injured. this behavior represents
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altruism
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Some critics have suggested that President Bush's staff were more concerned with getting a consensus on the issue of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq than listening to dissenting opinions. If true, the situation is an example of
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group think
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Research on obedience has shown that
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milgrams basic results can be replicated in many countries
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What is best supported by research on friendships
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birds of a feather flock together
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Mike and Carol share an incredibly strong need to be with each other and strong emotional arousal when together. Their relationship is an example of
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passionate love
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Coach bob has heard that Tim is not a very good baseball player. As a result, he gives Tim little or no attention in practice and little playing time in games. Sure enough, Time is the worst player at the end of the season. This is best explained in terms of
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a self-fulfilling prophecy effect
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Brad believes students of Asian heritage are excellent students and especially good at math and science. Brads belief is an example of
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a stereotype
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Miras recital performance was marred by several squeaks and honks. Before deciding why Mira's performance was poor, you considered whether she usually honks and squeaks in other situations. you emphasized
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distinctiveness
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Kim complained to Flo, "You mostly make an internal attribution of my behavior, but you make external attributions of your behavior." If kims accusation is true, Flo's behavior illustrates
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the actor-observer effect
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If Anne makes the fundamental attribution error, she will explain her favorite politicians loss in the election by saying
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He just didn't have the campaign skills necessary to get his ideas across
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The head of marketing often claimed, "Say it often enough, and people will start to believe it." This suggests she believes that attitudes are influenced by
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mere exposure
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Sid is an Indianapolis pacers basketball fan. He knows the teams win-loss record and the achievements of the individual players. He buys season tickets every year and gets angry if anyone says that they aren't the best. The behavioral component of Sids attitude is
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getting angry at people who disagree with him
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if a behavior is classified as abnormal because it violates accepted rues of behavior, abnormality is being defined by
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cultural deviance
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Criticisms of the medical model of psychological disorders include the idea that
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some mental disorders have no well-defined or consistent physical cause
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Rosenhans pseudo patient study is most important for demonstrating
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the impact of diagnostic labeling effects
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Axis III, IV, and V on the DSM-IT-TR focus on
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medical conditions, psychological problems, and general levels of function
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an example of
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an anxiety order
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Pam has been diagnosed with conversion disorder. She is likely to experience
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physical symptoms that have no detectable physical basis
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Which is a negative symptom of schizophrenia
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flat affect
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several times over the past month, Sam went to the hospital because he thought he was having a heart attack. His heart would race, he suddenly would be extremely anxious, and he could hardy breathe. If the diagnosis wasn't a heart attack it probably was
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panic disorder
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The disorder characterized by the existence of more than one personality, usually with little shared awareness, is known as
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dissociative identity disorder
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For weeks, Claire has mostly stayed in bed. Her mood is extremely negative, and she can't seem to force herself to do anything. Claire's problem is likely to be
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major depressive episode
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We know that schizophrenia is not entirely due to genetic factors because
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the concordance rate for identical twins is not 100%
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Which of the following will be least useful for improving suicide prevention among young people
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increase media coverage of suicides when they occur
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The physiological factors associated with schizophrenia include
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larger than usual ventricles
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Micah is a serial killer who killed without guilt. Michas behavior is a characteristic of
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antisocial personality disorder
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Mood disorders seem to involve a problem with
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monoamines
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People prone to depression are likely to make attributions about failures that are
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global, stable, and internal
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for years, bonita has seen her mothers extremely fearful behavior at the sight of a dog. Now Bonita is showing the same reactions. This suggests Bonita's excessive fear was caused by
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modeling
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Which of the following is an Axis II disorder in DMS-IV-TR
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dependent personality disorder
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Sal's idea about germs and contaminations make life very difficult. He eats little and is underweight. He wont go out In public, which cost him his job and friends. Sal's behavior woud be considered
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dysfunction
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Ted believes that drugs therapy is the best approach for treating psychological problems because psychological problems are really illnesses caused by biochemical abnormalities. Ted believes in
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the medical model
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Yan, who has a history of depression, is likely to explain being laid off from work by saying
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I'm just incompetent, I was rotten in school, and now I'm rotten in my job
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You know your roommate has a history of anorexia. When you see her eat very little at dinner and then go to work out at the gym, you this as a sign of another anorexic episode beginning. You don't think that when other people act the same way. your behavior is consistant with
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a diagnostic labeling effect
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A loss of memory for one's identity and persona history that is not caused by physical problems such as a stroke or head injury would likely to be diagnosed as
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dissociative amnesia
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Pat never seems relaxed and she worries a the time about everything. As a result, she is finding difficult to accomplish anything. Pat's diagnosis is likely to be
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generalized anxiety disorder
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Is insanity a legal or psychological term
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legal
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what are the four main types of phobias
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animals natural environmental things injury/injections/blood closed in spaces |
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what type of therapist helps get rid of phobias
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behavioral therapist
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what creates cognitive dissonance
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if your belief doesn't match your behavior
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If a behavior is classified as abnormal because it violates accepted rules of behavior, abnormality is being defined as
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cultural deviance
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criticisms of the medical model of psychological disorders include the idea that
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some mental disorders have no well-defined or consistent physical cause
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Rosehan's pseudo patient study is most important for demonstrating
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the impact of diagnostic labeling effects
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Axis III, IV, and V on the DSM-IV-TR focus on
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medical conditions, psychosocial problems, and general level function
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OCD is an example of an
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anxiety disorder
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Pam has been diagnosed with conversion disorder. She is likely to expierence
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physical symptoms that have no detectable physical basis
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what is a negative symptom of schizophrenia
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flat affect
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