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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting basic perspectives
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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Freud's theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
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Psychoanalysis
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techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
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Free Association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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Unconscious
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a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
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Id
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strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.
*operates on the pleasure principle |
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Superego
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presents internalized ideals; provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations
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Ego
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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality operates on the reality principle
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Psychosexual Stages
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the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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Oedipus Complex
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a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival rather
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Identification
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the process by which children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos.
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Fixation
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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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Defense Mechanisms
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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression
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defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction Formation
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ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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Projection
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people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Rationalization
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offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
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Displacement
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shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
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Denial
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refusal to accept or acknowledge an anxiety producing piece of information
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Projective Test
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a personality test, such as the Roschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach
- seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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Thematic Apperception Test
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TAT
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Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts
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psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.
*placed more emphasis on the conscious mind. more positive motives than sex and aggression |
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Alfred Adler
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importance of childhood social tension; behavior is purposeful and goal directed
- goal is to obtain security and overcome feelings of inferiority |
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Inferiority Complex
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a situation in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of insecurity they developed as children
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Karen Horney
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attempted to balance Freud's masculine biases - term of "womb envy"
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Carl Jung
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emphasis on unconscious processes which include positive and spiritual motives as well as sexual and aggressive forces
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personal unconscious
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created from individual experiences
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collective unconscious
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concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
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archetypes
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primitive images and patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior found in the collective unconscious that cause us to perceive and react in predictable ways
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Humanistic Psychology
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the theory that emphasizes people's basic goodness and their natural tendency to grow to higher levels of functioning
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Abraham Maslow
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humanistic perspective; studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people
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Maslow's self-actualization
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a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential
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Self-Actualization
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the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self- esteem is achieved.
*the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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Carl Rogers
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we all progess toward a state of fulfillment and happiness unless derailed by life's obstacles
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Fully Functioning Person
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a psychologically healthy individual who is able to enjoy life as completely as possible
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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Growth Promoting
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1. genuineness
2. acceptance 3. empathy |
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Conditional Positive Regard
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the belief that others will withdraw their love and acceptance if a person does something of which they do not approve
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Self Concept Theory
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Carl Rogers; all our thoughts and feelings about our selves, most important component of personality
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Trait
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a characteristic pattern of behavior; a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports
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Personality Inventory
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a questionaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to asses selecter personality traits
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Costa and MacRae 5 factor model
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a trait theory that explains personality in terms of the openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context
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Reciprocal Determinism
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the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
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Personal Control
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our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
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External Locus of Control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
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Internal Locus of Control
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the perception that one control's one's own fate
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Learned Helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Positive Psychology
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the scientific study of optimal human functioning; discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Spotlight Effect
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overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
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Self Esteem
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one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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Self-Serving Bias
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readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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