Psychology Chapter 10

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Front 2

Concept

Back 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Front 3

Prototype

Back 3

a mental image or best example of a category

Front 4

Algorithm

Back 4

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Front 5

Heuristic

Back 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; quicker than algorithms but more prone to error

Front 6

Insight

Back 6

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Front 7

Confirmation Bias

Back 7

a tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Front 8

Fixation

Back 8

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Front 9

Mental set

Back 9

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way

Front 10

Functional Fixedness

Back 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Front 11

Representativeness Heuristic

Back 11

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes

Front 12

Availability Heuristic

Back 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Front 13

Overconfidence

Back 13

the tendency to be more confident than correct –to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

Front 14

Framing

Back 14

the way an issue is posed; can affect decisions and judgments

Front 15

Belief bias

Back 15

the tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions that seem valid or vice versa

Front 16

Belief perseverance

Back 16

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Front 17

Artificial Intelligence

Back 17

science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes

Front 18

Computer neural networks

Back 18

computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells

Front 19

Language

Back 19

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Front 20

Phoneme

Back 20

in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive unit of a sound

Front 21

Morpheme

Back 21

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Front 22

Grammar

Back 22

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Front 23

Semantics

Back 23

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, also the study of meaning

Front 24

Syntax

Back 24

the rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Front 25

Babbling Stage

Back 25

beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Front 26

One-word Stage

Back 26

the stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly on single words

Front 27

Two-word stage

Back 27

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Front 28

Telegraphic Speech

Back 28

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nounds and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words --"go car"

Front 29

Linguistic Determinism

Back 29

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think