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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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linguistic determinism
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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telegraphic speech
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early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words.
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two-word stage
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beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
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one-word stage
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the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
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babbling stage
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beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language,; also, the study of meaning.
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grammar
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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morpheme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
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phoneme
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in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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language
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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we comgin them to communicate meaning.
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computer neural networks
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compter circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected nueral cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells.
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artificial intelligence (AI)
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the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.
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belief perseverance
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clinging to one's initial onceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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belief bias
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the tendancy for one's beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
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framing
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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
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availability heuristic
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esimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instance come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
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representativeness heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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mental set
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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
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confirmation bias
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a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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hueristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics.
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prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
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concept
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a mental grouping or similar objects, events, ideas, or poeple.
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cognition
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all the mental ativities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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