Psychology Chapter 1

Front 1

Dependent Variable

Back 1

is a factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the independent variable.

Front 2

Naturalistic Observation

Back 2

is a research method in which the reserachers observe and record behavior in its natural setting without attempting to influence or control it.

Front 3

The Four Goals of Science

Back 3

Description, Explanation, Prediction, Influence

Front 4

Applied Research

Back 4

is research that solves practical problems and improves the quality of life.

Front 5

Experimental Group

Back 5

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the independent variable or treatment.

Front 6

Theory

Back 6

is general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of seperate facts are related.

Front 7

Independent Variable

Back 7

is a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated in order to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition.

Front 8

Psychology

Back 8

is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 9

Sample

Back 9

is a part of the population that is studied and from which data is collected in order to reach conclusions about the entire population.

Front 10

Experimental Method

Back 10

is the only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships.

Front 11

Basic Research

Back 11

is research that seeks new knowledge and advances general scientific understanding.

Front 12

Random Assignment

Back 12

in an experiment each person in the sample has an equal chance of being in any one of the experimental or control groups.

Front 13

Positive Correlation

Back 13

indicates that two variables vary in the same direction.

Front 14

Hypothesis

Back 14

is a prediction about a cause-effect relationship between 2 or more variables.

Front 15

Control Group

Back 15

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the same experimental environment, but is not given the treatment. this group is used for purposes of comparison.

Front 16

Cognitive Correlation

Back 16

means that an increase in the value of one variable is associated with a decrease in the value of the other variable.

Front 17

The Correlation coeficient ranges from

Back 17

+1.00 to -1.00

Front 18

Population

Back 18

is the entire group of interest to researchers.

Front 19

Case Study

Back 19

a single individual or a small number of persons are studied in great depth, usually over an extended period of time.

Front 20

Survey

Back 20

Is a method of study in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people.

Front 21

Representative Sample

Back 21

the sample includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in the population.

Front 22

Random Sample

Back 22

each person in the population has an equal chance of being chosen

Front 23

Gestalt Psychology

Back 23

emphasized that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts

Front 24

Cognitive Psychology

Back 24

sees humans as active participants who use mental processes to transform information.

Front 25

Psychoanalytic Psychology

Back 25

maintains that the unconscious is the primary force which determines thoughts, feelings, and behavior

Front 26

Humanistic Psychology

Back 26

Psychology emphasized the people make consicous choices and stive for personal growth.

Front 27

Introspection

Back 27

is a technique used in structuralism where a person reports what occurs inside of conscious experience

Front 28

Behaviorism

Back 28

confines itself to the study of behavior because behavior is observable and measurable and, therefore, objective and scientific.

Front 29

Structuralism

Back 29

was the first formal school of thought in psychology and it aimed at analyzing the basic elements of conscious mental experience.

Front 30

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 30

broadened the scope of psychology to include behavior as well as mental processes and studied how these allowed humans to adpat to their environment.

Front 31

When was psychology founded

Back 31

1879

Front 32

Counseling Psychologists

Back 32

help people who have adjustment problems

Front 33

Physiological Psychologists

Back 33

study the relationship between brain and behavior.

Front 34

Clinical Psychologists

Back 34

Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and beahvioral disorders

Front 35

Social Psychologists

Back 35

Study how people think, feel, and behave in social situations

Front 36

Indrustrial/Organizational Psychologists

Back 36

study people in the work environment.

Front 37

Developmental Psychologists

Back 37

Study how people grow and change throughout the lifespan.

Front 38

Experimental

Back 38

use research methods to study learning, memory, sensation, perception, motivation, emotion, etc..

Front 39

Biological Psychology

Back 39

look for the link between specific behaviors and particular biological factors that help explain individual differences.

Front 40

Psychological Perspective

Back 40

means choosing a combination of approaches to explain a particular behavior.

Front 41

Sociocultral Approach

Back 41

emphasizes social and cultural influences on human behavior and stresses the importance of understanding those influences when interpreting the behavior of others.

Front 42

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 42

Focuses on how human behaviors required for survival have adapted in the face of environmental pressures over long periods of time.

Front 43

Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 43

developed the paired associates test and was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.

Front 44

Kenneth Clark

Back 44

Conducted research that affected the supreme court ruling that declared racial segregation in US schools to be unconstitutional.

Front 45

Francis Cecil Summer

Back 45

became the 1st African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

Front 46

Jorge Sanchez

Back 46

conducted studies on bias in intelligence testing.

Front 47

Christine Ladd Franklin

Back 47

recieved a Ph.D. from John Hopkins University and formulated an evolutionary theory of color vision.

Front 48

Magaret Flay Washburn

Back 48

Wrote the animal mind

Front 49

is the tendency for an overall impression of another to be influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later.

Back 49

primacy effect

Front 50

is the tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it.

Back 50

mere exposure effect

Front 51

Says that three components of love, singly and in various combinations

Back 51

Triangular Theory of love

Front 52

3 kinds of love

Back 52

1. Intamacy
2. Passion
3. Commitment

Front 53

is attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating in the situation.

Back 53

Situational Attribution

Front 54

is the tendency to infer generally positive or negative traits in a person as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait.

Back 54

halo effect

Front 55

is the study of how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals.

Back 55

social psychology

Front 56

is the hypothesis that suggests that we tend to end up with a parter similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness and other assests.

Back 56

Matching Hypothesis

Front 57

is the tendency to attribute personal sucesses to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes.

Back 57

Self Serving Bias

Front 58

is attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive, or attitude.

Back 58

Dispositional attribution

Front 59

is when physical or geographical closeness has an influence on attraction.

Back 59

Proximity

Front 60

is the tendency to attribute ones own shortcomings primarily to situational factors and those of others primarily to internal or dispositional factors

Back 60

actor observer effect

Front 61

is the process of forming initial ideas about what another person is like in personality and other charactersitics

Back 61

Fundamental attribution error

Front 62

is changing or adopting an attitude or behavior to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people.

Back 62

Conformity

Front 63

A deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another

Back 63

Persuasion

Front 64

Studies, 65% of participants obeyed the orders of the researcher and delivered the maximum voltage to the learner.

Back 64

Milgram

Front 65

is a compliance tactic in which the person gets compliance with a small request first, then a large request later.

Back 65

foot in the door technique

Front 66

are the attitudes and standards of behavior

Back 66

Social Norms

Front 67

is a compliance tactic where the person makes an initial attractive offer and when someone commits to it, the terms are made less attractive

Back 67

Low ball technique

Front 68

Who's studies had 8 participants about lines and 5% conformed to the incorrect unamious authority and 70% conformed some of the time, 25% remained completely independednt

Back 68

Asch's

Front 69

is relatively stable evaluation of a person, object, situation, or issue.

Back 69

attitudes

Front 70

is when people do what an authority figure says they should do

Back 70

obedience

Front 71

is a compliance tactic in which a person makes a large unreasonable request with the expectation that the request will be refused, and then makes a smaller request.

Back 71

door in the face technique

Front 72

occurs when people discover that some of their attitudes are in conflict with others or that their attitudes are not consistent with their behavior; they are likely to experience and unpleasant state.

Back 72

cognitive dissonance

Front 73

is acting in accordance with the wishes, the suggestions, or the direct request of another person.

Back 73

Compliance

Front 74

is behavior that benefits others, such as helping cooperation and sympathy

Back 74

Prosocial behavior

Front 75

are social groups one belongs to with a strong sense of togetherness

Back 75

in group

Front 76

the feeling among bystanders at an emergency that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group, so each person feels less compelled to act than if he or she along bore the total responsibility

Back 76

diffusion of responsibility

Front 77

is behavior, usually negative, directed toward others based on their gender, religion race, or membership in a particular group

Back 77

Discrimination

Front 78

is any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others

Back 78

social facilitation

Front 79

refers to ways in which people typically process social information, mental processes used to notice, interpret, and remember information about the social world.

Back 79

social cognition

Front 80

are widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes, and behaviros of members of various social groups, including the assumption that the members of such groups are usually all alike

Back 80

stereotypes

Front 81

is the tendency to put for less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone

Back 81

social loafing

Front 82

In this study boys, developed group rivalries through competition and then learned to cooperate to obtain common goals, which reduced the prejudice present

Back 82

Sherif and Sherif

Front 83

suggests that as competition increases, so do prejudice, discrimination, and hatred among competing groups

Back 83

Realistic Conflict Theory

Front 84

is the fact that as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases, and help, if given, is likely to be delayed.

Back 84

bystander effect

Front 85

is the tendency of members of a group, after group discussion, to shift toward a more exterme position in whatever direction they were learning intially- either more risky or more cautious.

Back 85

ethnocentrism

Front 86

consists of individuals nto belinging to ones own group

Back 86

out group

Front 87

are negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group.

Back 87

Prejudice

Front 88

is the decision making approach often seen in tightly knit groups

Back 88

Groupthink