Psychology Chapter 1 & 2

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Psychology

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The scientific study of behavior and mental process.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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"Father of Psychology" first lab at the university of Leipzig, Germany in 1879.

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Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalysis, sex and aggressive impulses

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Goals of Psychology

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Describe, explain, predict, and influence mental behavior and process

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Theory

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A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related.

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Hypothesis

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A testable prediction about the conditions under which a particular behavior or mental process may occur.

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Psychology

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The role of unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining behavior and thought.

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Experimental Psychology

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Conducts experiments in most areas of psychology.

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Physiological/Biological Psychology

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Looks for links between specific behaviors and equally a specific biological processes that often help explain individuals differences

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Cognitive Psychology

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Sees humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes, decision making, perception, language, and other forms of cognitive.

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Social Psychology

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Investigates how the individual feels, thinks, and behaves in a social settings.

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Industrial/Organizational Psychology

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Studies the relationship between people and their work environment.

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Humanistic/Existential/Phenomenology

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Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health.

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Positive Psychology

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The study of psychological characteristics that enables individuals to thrive in the face of adversity.

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Gestalt Psychology

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Emphasizes that individual perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts.

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Sociocultural Psychology

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Studies social and cultural variables.

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Eclectic Psychology

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A therapeutic approach in which a variety of methods, principles, and philosophies are used to create a treatment program. Uses all techniques from all schools to treat patients.

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Forensic Psychology

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Applies their training to the issues involving psychology and law.

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Educational Psychology

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The study of teaching and learning. They are trained in theory and research methods but do not diagnose and treat learning problems.

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Naturalistic Observation

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A descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural settings without attempting to influence or control it.

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Survey

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Interviews and/or questionnaires used to gather information about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people.

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Case Study

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In-depth study of one or few individuals using observation, interview, and/or psychological testing.

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Correlation Method

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A method used to determine the relationship (correlation) between two events, characteristics, or behaviors.

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Longitudinal Method

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A study that watches subject over time repeatedly to get data.

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Experimental (can determine cause and effect)

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A random assignment of participants to a group. Manipulation of the independent variable (variables) and measurement of the effect on the dependent variable.

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Control group vs. Experimental group

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The experimental group is the one that is subject to the experiment. The control group is subject to conditions but not experiment.

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Independent variables vs. Dependant variable

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The dependent variable is affected by the independent variable. The independent variable is changed by the experimenter.

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Confounding variables

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Factors other than the independent variable that are unequal across groups.

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Random Sampling

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Individuals are selected in such a way that every member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

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Laboratory Observation

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A descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laboratory setting.

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Sample

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A part of a population that is study to research conclusions about the entire population.

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Population

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The entire group of interest to researchers to which they wish to generalize their findings; the group from which a sample is selected.

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Correlation

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Relationship between two characteristics, events, or behaviors.

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Correlation Coefficient

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A numeric value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables semicolon ranges from +1.00 (a perfect positive correlation) to -1.00 (a perfect negative correlation).

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Informed Consent Form

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The form that insurance patients have been informed properly. Participants must be informed of the purpose of the study and its potential for harming them.

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Microelectrode

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A small wire used to monitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a single neuron.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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A record of the brain wave activity made by a machine called the Electroencephalograph.

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PET Scan

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A brain-Imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.

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MRI

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A diagnostic scanning technique that provides high-resolution images of the structure of the brain.

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Neuron

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A specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous system.

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Neurotransmitters

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Specialized chemicals that facilitate or inhabit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next.

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Soma (cell body)

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The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic functions of the neuron.

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Axon

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The Slender, tail like extension of the neuron that transmits its signals to dendrite or the cell body of another neurons, muscles, glands, and other parts of the cell.

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Dendrites

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In a neuron, the branch like extensions of the cell body that receives signals from other neurons.

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Glial Cells

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Specialized cells in the brain spinal cord that support neurons, remove waste products such as dead neurons, and perform other manufacturing, nursing and clean up tasks.

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How does a neural impulse work?

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Sending neurons transmit their message to receiving neurons by electrochemical action. When a neuron fires, the action potential arrives at the axon terminal and triggers the release of the neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitters flow into the synaptic cleft and move towards the receiving neuron, which has numerous receptors. The receptors will find only with neurotransmitters who's molecular shapes match their enclosed volumes. Neurotransmitters influence the receiving neuron to fire or not to fire.

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Neurotransmitters

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Specialized chemicals that facilitate or inhabit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next.

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Myelin Sheath

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The fatty coating on some axons that acts as insulation.

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Synapse

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The junction where the axon terminal of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft.

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Synaptic cleft

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The gap between axon Terminals and receiving neurons, across which signals are transmitted.

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What the neuron resting potential?

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The negative electrical potential of the axis membrane around a neuron at rest, is about -70 millivolts.

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Action potential

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The sudden reversal of the resting potential, which indicates the firing of a neuron.

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Refractory Period

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The neuron cannot fire again from 1 to 2 milliseconds.

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All or none law

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A neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all.

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Acetylcholine (ACH)

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Affects movement, learning, memory, and REM sleep.

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Endorphins

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Provide relief from pain and feeling of pleasure and well-being.

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Central nervous system (CNS)

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The part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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The nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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Somatic nervous system

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Controls skeletal muscles; interacts with external environment.

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Autonomic nervous system

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Regulates body's internal environment including organs, glands, blood vessels.

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Sympathetic nervous system

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Prepares the body for action; mobilizes energy resources.

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Parasympathetic nervous system

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Conserves body's energy; returns body to normal, quiet state after an emergency.

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Sensory neurons

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Detect be painful stimulus and relays this information to interneurons in the spinal cord.

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Interneurons

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Activate motor neurons that control the muscles and cause you to jerk away.

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Hindbrain

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Controls heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and many other vital functions. Part of the hindbrain is known as the brain stem.

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Cerebellum

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Critically important to the body's ability to execute smooth, skilled motions it also regulates tone and posture. Plays a roll and motor learning.

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Limbic system

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Group of structures involved in emotional Expressions, memory and motivation.

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Hypothalamus

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Controls functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature. Helps control endocrine system, involved in emotion.

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Right hemisphere

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The hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and, in most people, is specialized for visual perception.

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Left hemisphere

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The hemisphere that controls the right side of the body, coordinate complex movements, and, and most people, handles most of the language functions.

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Corpus Callosum

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Neural fibers that connect the two hemispheres and pass information between them.

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Cerebral cortex

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A thin outer covering about 1/8 inches thick over the cerebral hemispheres.

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Prefrontal Cortex

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The part of the frontal lobes directly behind the forehead that controls exclusive processing, the coordination of multiple brain activities in pursuit of cognitive goals.

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Frontal lobes

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The largest of the brains lobes which contains the motor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal association areas.

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Broca's area

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The area in the frontal lobe, usually and the left hemisphere, that controls the production of speech sounds.

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Wernicke's area

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The language area in the left temporal lobe involved and comprehending the spoken word and in formulating coherent speech and written language.

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Aphasia

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A loss or impairment of the ability to use or understand language, resulting from damage to the brain.

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Lateralization

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Specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particular function.

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Brain plasticity

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The capacity of the brain to adapt to changes such as brain damage.

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Polygenic Inheritance

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A pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait.