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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.
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learning
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The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.
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conditioning
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The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
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classical conditioning
also called respondent or Pavlovian conditioning |
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The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditional stimulus.
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unconditioned response (UCR)
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A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.
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conditioned response (CR)
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The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well.
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stimulus generalization
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The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.
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stimulus discrimination
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The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning, this occurs when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
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Extinction (in classical conditioning)
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The reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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spontaneous recovery
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School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
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behaviorism
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An individual's psychological and physiological responseto what is actually a fake treatment or drug.
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placebo response
also called placebo effect |
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A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when and organism becomes ill after eating the food.
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taste aversion
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In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
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biological preparedness
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Learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation.
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law of effect
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Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
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operant
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The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.
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operant conditioning
also called Skinnerian conditioning |
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The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelyhood of that response being repeated.
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reinforcement
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A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
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positive reinforcement
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A situation in wchic a rosponse results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
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negative reinforcement
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A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.
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primary reinforcer
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A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value bye being associated with a primary reinforcer.
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conditioned reinforcer
also called a secondary reinforcer |
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The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.
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punishment
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A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus.
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punishment by application
or positive punishment |
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A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus.
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punishment by removal
or negative punishment |
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A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.
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discriminative stimulus
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The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the realtionship between environmental events and active behaviors.
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operant chamber
or Skinner box |
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A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurence of a particular response is reinforced.
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continuous reinforcement
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A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.
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partial reinforcement
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The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, this occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
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extinction (in operant conditioning)
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The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement.
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partial reinforcement effect
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The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses.
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schedule of reinforcement
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A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred.
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fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
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variable-ratio (VR) schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.
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fixed-interval (FI) schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
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variable-interval (VI) schedule
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The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.
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behavior modification
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Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.
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cognitive map
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Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.
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latent learning
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A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.
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learned helplessness
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The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.
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instinctive drift
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Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.
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observational learning
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A classically conditioned response in which stimuli that reliably precede the administration of a drug elicit a physiological reaction that counteracts, or it opposite to, the drug's effects.
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conditioned compensatory response (CCR)
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The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer appoximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.
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shaping
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