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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychology
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study of the mind and behavior
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mind
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our private inner experiences of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feeling
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behavior
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observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals
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nativism
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philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
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philosophical empiricism
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philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
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phrenology
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theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain
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physiology
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study of biological processes especially in the human body
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stimulus
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sensory input from the environment
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reaction time
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amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
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consciousness
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persons subjective experience of the world and the mind
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structuralism
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analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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introspection
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subjective observation of ones own experiences
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functionalism
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study of the purpose mental processes serves in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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natural selection
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Charles Darwins theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
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illusions
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errors of perceptions, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
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Gestalt psychology
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psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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dissociative identity disorder
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condition that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual
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hysteria
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temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
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unconscious
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part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions
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psychoanalytic theory
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Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
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psychoanalysis
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therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders
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humanistic psychology
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approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
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behaviorism
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approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to objective observable behavior
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response
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action or physiological change caused by a stimulus
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reinforcement
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consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again
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cognitive psychology
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study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
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behavioral neuroscience
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approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes
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cognitive neuroscience
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field that attempt to understand links between cognitive processes and brain activity
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evolutionary psychology
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psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
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social psychology
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subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
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cultural psychology
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study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
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mindbugs
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"absentminded" people due to influence of habit
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Plato
(Greek) |
nativism- certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
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Aristotle
(Greek) |
philosophical empiricism- all knowledge is acquired through experience
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Descartes
(French) |
the body and mind are fundamentally different things (body is material substance & mind/soul is immaterial or spiritual substance)
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dualism
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Descartes- mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior (mind and body interact)
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Hobbes
(French) |
mind is what the body does
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Gall
(French) |
phrenology- specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain
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Broca
(French) |
mind is grounded in a material substance- the brain
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Florence
(French) |
brain and mind are closely linked
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Whos work jump started the scientific investigation of the mental processes? How?
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Broca and Florence because they were the first to demonstrate that the mind is grounded in a material substance; the brain
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Helmholtz
(German) |
different times for nerve impulses to travel to brain
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Wundt
(German) |
psychologists could use scientific techniques to distangle even subtle conscious processes
(structuralism) |
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Titchener
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focused on identifying the basic elements themselves
(structuralism) |
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James
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consciousness is flowing stream rather than separate elements
(functionalism) |
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What theory influenced James idea that people should be observed in natural environment?
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Darwins theory of natural selection
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What type of illusion did Gestalt psychologists use? Why?
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Mueller-Lyer Line Illusion to show how the perception of a whole object or scene can influence judgments about its individual elements
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What mental process led to the psychoanalytic theory?
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unconscious
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Which two psychologists pioneered the humanistic psychology movement?
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Rogers and Maslow
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Watson
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science requires objective motivation rather than the subjective aspect
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objective observation
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what they do
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subjective observation
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what they experience
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Washburn
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wrote "The Animal Mind"- animals learn and adapt and we know their behavior; we can do the same with humans (objective)
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Pavlov
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dog experiment with bell tone
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Whats another name for behaviorism?
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Stimulus-Response psychology ("S-R")
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Skinner
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(behaviorism) used concept of reinforcement to take new approach to behaviorism
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"Skinner Box"
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rat accidentally pressed lever to get food; behavior began to reoccur
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Which technological invention led to the emergence of cognition?
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the computer
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Ebbinghaus
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experiments in memory; served as own research subject
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Barlett
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interested in memory
dissatisfied with Ebbinghaus non-sense memory memory should be based on important things |
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Piaget
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studied perceptual and cognitive errors in children
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Lewin
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argued one could predit a persons behavior in the world by understanding ones subjective experience
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sociobiology
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mind is a collection of "molecules" that are designed to solve human problems
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Triplett
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presence of other people can influence performance on even the most mundane kinds of tasks
(social psychology) |
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Asch
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"mental chemistry" that allows people to combine small bits of information about another person into a full impression of that persons personality
(social psychology) |
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Allport
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prejudice was the result of a perceptual error that was every bit as natural and unavoidable as an optical illusion
(social psychology) |
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What 3 things are the social psychology field dedicated to?
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-the brain as a social organ
-the mind as a social adaptation -the individual as a social creature |
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Mead and Bateson
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anthropologists who observed foreign cultures
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What made cultural psychology strong?
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communication between anthropologists and psychologists
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absolutism
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that culture makes little or no difference for most psychological phenomena
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relativism
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that psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across culture
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women and minorities
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Mary Calkins- first women APA president
Kenneth Clark- first black APA president (APA- American Psychological Association) |
