Psychology Ch. 7

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Thinking

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is a broad term that refers to how we use knowledge to analyze situations, solve problems, and make decisions. We can also say that thinking involves manipulating mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions. Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations: mental images and concepts

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Cognition

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is a general term that refers to the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. Cognitive processes include perception, learning, and memory.

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Mental Image

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A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present. Ex: After driving a certain route on the way taking your date home, you mentally store it as an image so later when you come back, you memorize the way by certain images, like a gas station, etc..

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Concept

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A mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share.

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Formal Concept

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A mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.

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Problem solving - As human beings, we are continuing problem solving and making decisions.

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refers to thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.

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Decision making

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The cognitive process of reaching a decision.
A position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration
Choosing between alternative courses of action using cognitive processes - memory, thinking, evaluation, etc
The process of mapping the likely consequences of decisions, working out the importance of individual factors, and choosing the best course of action to take.

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Language

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is a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements.

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Intelligence

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The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

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Intelligence testing

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attempts to measure general mental abilities, rather than accumulated knowledge or aptitude for a specific subject or area. Intelligence tests are available in many different forms.

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Alfred Binet

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French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children

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Lewis Terman & the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

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This test was translated by this Stanford University Psychologist. The test was expressed in terms of a single number, called the Intelligence Quotient - IQ!!!!! Yay! So remember this guy cuz he invented the term IQ. Basically this is a test of mearsuring general intelligence derived by comparing an individual's score with the scores of others in the same age group.

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David Wechsler & the Wechsler Intelligence Scales

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This psychologist was in charge of testing adults of widely varying cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds and ages at a large hospital in New York City. He designed a new intelligence, called the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - WAIS. This test was designed for Adults only unlike Terman's Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Also it had a better advantage because it contained 11 subtests measuring different abilities. These determined a verbal score and a performance score.

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Standardization

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The administration of a test to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.

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The normal curve or normal distribution (Bell Curve)

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A bell-shaped distribution of individual difference in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average score.

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A good test must consistently produce similar scores on different occasions.

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What does it mean if a test is reliable?

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The test must measure what it is supposed to measure. For example if a test is designed to measure mechanical aptitude, people who received high scores should ultimately prove more successful in mechanical jobs than people who received low scores.

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What does it mean if a test is valid?

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*Psychologists do not agree that the basic nature of intelligence, including whether it is a single, general ability and whether it includes skills and talents as well as mental aptitude.

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Memorize