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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is learning?
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a process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes
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What is habituation?
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learning not to respond to repeated presentation of a stimulus
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What is the mere exposure effect?
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learned preference for stimuli to which we have previously been exposed
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What is behavioral learning?
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forms of learning that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses (e.g. classical & operant conditioning)
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What is classical conditioning?
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a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated w/ a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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any stimulus that produces no conditional response prior to learning
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What is acquisition?
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initial learning stage in classical conditioning; conditional response becomes elicited by the conditioned stimulus
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
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What is an unconditioned response?
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the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus w/o prior learning
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
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What is a conditioned response?
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a response elicited by a previous neutral stimulus that has become associated w/ the UCS
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What is extinction (classical conditioning)?
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weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay
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What is stimulus generalization?
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involves giving a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to CS
(diff. tone --> still causes salivation) |
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Describe the Little Albert Experiment.
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UCS (loud noise) --> UCR (crying & fear)
NS (white rat) + CS (loud noise) --> crying & fear) - conditioned Albert to fear rats - to relate to generalization --> placed similar items to rats which also lead to crying & fear |
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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involves responding to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar (being able to distinguish/differentiate between similar stimuli)
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What is confusing stimuli?
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may cause experimental neurosis
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What is taste-aversion learning?
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biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food w/ a certain taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness
tuna melt (NS) + mystery sick thing (US) --> throw up (UR) tuna melt (CS) --> nausea to food (CR) |
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How do we learn new behaviors by operant conditioning?
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in operant conditioning, the consequences of behavior, such as rewards & punishments influence the chance that our behavior will occur again
operant = observable bx |
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What is trial-and-error learning?
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learning gradually discovers the correct response by attempting many behaviors and noting which ones produce the desired consequences
*edward thorndike - law of effect |
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What did B.F. Skinner believe?
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B.F. Skinner believed that the most powerful influences on behavior are its consequences
- operant chamber ("skinner box") |
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What are positive reinforcers?
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stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again
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What are negative reinforcers?
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removal of an unpleasant stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior
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What are primary reinforcers?
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reinforcers, such as food and sex, that have an innage basis b/c of their biological value to an organism
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What are secondary reinforcers?
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stimuli, such as money or tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association w/ primary reinforcers
also called conditioned reinforcers |
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced
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What is shaping?
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rewarding any behavior that is close to the goal of behavior
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What is partial reinforcement?
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reinforcement schedule in which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced
also called intermittent reinforcement |
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What is extinction (operant conditioning)?
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a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of the reinforcer
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What are ratio schedules?
What are interval schedules? |
ratio schedules: provide reward after a certain # of responses
interval schedules: provide reward after a certain time interval |
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What is fixed ratio?
What is variable ratio? What is fixed interval? What is variable interval? |
FR: rewards appear after a certain set number of responses
(factory workers getting paid after every 10 cases of product are completed) VR: rewards appear after a certain number of responses, but that number varies from trial to trial (slot machine pay-offs) FI: rewards appear after a certain fixed amount of time, regardless of number of responses (weekly/monthly paychecks) VI: rewards appear after a certain amount of time, but that amount varies from trial to trial (fishing) |
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What is punishment?
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an aversive stimulus which diminishes the strength of the response it follows
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What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
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punishments DECREASE the behavior
(punishment/omission training weaken the bx) neg. rein. INCREASE the behavior (positive/negative reinforcement strengthen the bx) |
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What is positive punishment?
What is omission training (negative punishment)? |
positive punishment: the application of an aversive stimulus after a response
omission training: the removal of an appetitive stimulus after a response |
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What does punishment do?
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- often triggers aggression
- may inhibit learning new & better responses - is often applied unequally Power usually disappears when threat of punishment is removed |
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What are the alternatives to punishment?
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- extinction
- reinforcing preferred activities (PREMACK PRINCIPLE) - prompting & shaping |
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What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
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Classical conditioning involves the association of two stimuli (UCS + CS) before the response or behavior
Operant conditioning involves a reinforcing (reward) or punishing stimulus after a response or behavior |
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How does cognitive psychology explain learning?
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some forms of learning must be explained as changes in mental processes, rather than as changes in behavior alone
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What is insight learning?
Who found this? What are cognitive maps? Who found this and what else did they find? |
Insight Learning: problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions
- Wolfgang Kohler Cognitive Maps: a mental representation of physical space - Edward Tolman Latent Learning: still learn even without rewards (Edward Tolman) |
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What is observational learning?
Who found this? |
Observational Learning/Social Learning: form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others’ behavior and the consequences of their behavior
- Bandura (Bobo doll experiment - violence) |
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What is long-term potential?
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Biological process involving physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells; believed to be the neural basis of learning
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