Psychology Ch 5

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

According to behaviorist, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience; (2) according to cognitive theorists, the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience.

Front 2

Orienting reflex

Back 2

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.

Front 3

Generalization

Back 3

In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

Front 4

Discrimination

Back 4

In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

Higher-order conditioning

Back 5

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.

Front 6

Biological preparedness

Back 6

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological make up of the organism.

Front 7

Counter conditioning

Back 7

A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Front 8

Flooding

Back 8

A behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are present continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

Front 9

Systematic desensitization

Back 9

A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is present while the person remains relaxed.

Front 10

Law of effect

Back 10

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in response, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

Front 11

Operant behavior

Back 11

Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

Front 12

Operant conditioning

Back 12

An organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

Front 13

Primary reinforcer

Back 13

An unlearned reinforce whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning.

Front 14

Secondary reinforce

Back 14

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers.