Psychology Ch. 5

Front 1

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior

Back 1

learning

Front 2

the type of learning in which a responce naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elecited by a different, formerly neutral, stimulus

Back 2

classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning

Front 3

a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way.

Back 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Front 4

a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs

Back 4

unconditioned response (UR)

Front 5

an orginally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually producs the desired response in an organism when presented alone

Back 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 6

after conditioning the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented

Back 6

conditioned resonse (CR)

Front 7

pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials

Back 7

intermittent pairing

Front 8

a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation

Back 8

desensitization therapy

Front 9

a biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages

Back 9

preparedness

Front 10

conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Back 10

conditioned taste aversion

Front 11

the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments

Back 11

operant (or instrumental) conditioning

Front 12

behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant

Back 12

operant behaviors

Front 13

a stimuli that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Back 13

reinforcers

Front 14

stimuli that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Back 14

punishers

Front 15

thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out"

Back 15

law of effect (principle of reinforcement)

Front 16

a box often used in operant of animals, it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur

Back 16

skinner box

Front 17

reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior

Back 17

shaping

Hint 17

a star step approach take the behavior you want in steps by simplifying it and reinforcing each stage

Front 18

events whose presenc increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Back 18

positive reinforcers

Front 19

events whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

removing something to get something

Back 19

negative reinforcers

Front 20

any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

stopping a behavior

Back 20

punishment

Front 21

learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrenc of something unpleasant, such as punishment

Back 21

avoidance training

Front 22

failure take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli

Back 22

learned helplessness

Front 23

a technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions

Back 23

biofeedback

Front 24

a biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEF to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity

Back 24

neurofeedback

Front 25

a reliable "if-then" relationship between two events,such as a CS and a US

Back 25

contingency

Front 26

a process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously

Back 26

blocking

Front 27

in operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered

Back 27

schedule of reinforcement

Front 28

a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement

Back 28

fixed-interval schedule

Front 29

a reinforcement schedle in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement

Back 29

variable-interval schedule

Front 30

a reinforement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses

Back 30

fixed-ratio schedule

Front 31

a reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented

Back 31

variable-ratio schedule

Front 32

a decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditiong)

Back 32

extinction

Front 33

the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without training

Back 33

spontaneous recovery

Front 34

control of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the environment

Back 34

stimulus control

Front 35

the transfer of a learned responce to different but similar stimuli

Back 35

stimulus generalization

Front 36

giving a response that is somewhat different from the response orginally learned to that stimulus

Back 36

response generalization

Front 37

conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimuls serves as an uncondionted stimuls for further training

Back 37

higher order conditioning

Front 38

reinforcers that are rewarding in themselves, such as food, water, or sex

Back 38

primary reinforcers

Front 39

reinforcers whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers

Back 39

secondary reinforcers

Front 40

learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable

Back 40

cognitive learning

Front 41

learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change

thats demonstrated at a later date

Back 41

latent learning

Front 42

a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to environment change

Back 42

cognitive map

Front 43

learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem

has a lot to do with problem solving

Back 43

insight

Front 44

the ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved

Back 44

learning set

Hint 44

learning about learning

Front 45

learning by observing other people's behavior

Back 45

observational (or vicarious) learning

Front 46

psychologists whose view of learning emphasize the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving the instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner

Back 46

social learning theorists

Front 47

reinforcement or punishment expreienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models

Back 47

vicarious reinforcement (or punishment)