Psychology- Ch. 5

Front 1

the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus

Back 1

classical conditioning

Front 2

a stimulus that invariably causes a organism to respond in a specific way

Back 2

unconditioned stimulus

Front 3

results from(elicited by) the unconditioned stimulus

Back 3

unconditioned response

Front 4

is neutral until subject pairs the unconditioned stimulus with it

Back 4

conditioned stimulus

Front 5

behavior exhibited as conditioned and unconditioned responses are paired

Back 5

conditioned response

Front 6

a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation

Back 6

desensitization

Front 7

conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Back 7

taste aversion

Front 8

behavior designed to operate on the enviroment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant

Back 8

operant behavior

Front 9

a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Back 9

reinforcer

Front 10

a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Back 10

punisher

Front 11

any event whose presense increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Back 11

positive reinforcer

Front 12

any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Back 12

negative reinforcer

Front 13

any event whose presense decreases the likelihood that the ongoing behavior will recur

Back 13

punishment

Front 14

developing elaborate cognitive explanations for accidental or randomly occuring reinforcements

Back 14

superstitious behavior

Front 15

failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli

Back 15

learned helplessness

Front 16

the "building phase" of conditioing during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases

Back 16

acquisition

Front 17

pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials

Back 17

intermittent pairing

Front 18

a box often used in operant conditioing of animals which limits the available response and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur

Back 18

skinner box

Front 19

reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior

Back 19

shaping

Front 20

a decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the u.s. and the c.s. or withholding of reinforcement

Back 20

extinction

Front 21

the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time without further training

Back 21

spontaneous recovery

Front 22

the transfer of a learned response to a different but similar stimuli

Back 22

stimulus generalization

Front 23

learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli

Back 23

stimulus discrimination

Front 24

giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus

Back 24

response generalization

Front 25

a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself

Back 25

primary reinforcer

Front 26

a reinforcer whose value is acquired thru association with other primary or secondary reinforcers

Back 26

secondary reinforcer

Front 27

a reliable "if-then" relationship between two events such as u.s. and c.s.

Back 27

contengencies

Front 28

when the c.s. follows the u.s.

Back 28

backward conditioning

Front 29

a process where by prior events prevent conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented together

Back 29

blocking

Front 30

in operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered

Back 30

schedule of reinforcement

Front 31

a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement

Back 31

fixed-interval schedule

Front 32

a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement

Back 32

variable-interval schedule

Front 33

a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses

Back 33

fixed-ratio schedule

Front 34

a reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented

Back 34

variable-ratio schedule

Front 35

learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable

Back 35

cognitive learning

Front 36

learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change

Back 36

latent learning

Front 37

a learned mental image of a spatial enviroment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the enviroment change

Back 37

cognitive maps

Front 38

learning that occurs rapidly as a results of understanding all the elements of a problem

Back 38

insight

Front 39

the ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved

Back 39

learning sets

Front 40

a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without first hand experience by the learner

Back 40

social learning theory

Front 41

learning by observing other people's behavior

Back 41

observational/vicarious learning

Front 42

reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affect the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models

Back 42

vicarious reinforcement or punishment