Psychology - Ch 4,5,6

Front 1

Dependent Variable

Back 1

Measure of behavior or response that you believe will change.

Front 2

Independent Variable

Back 2

The Variable under our control, can be manipulated or expected to predict the dependent variable.

Front 3

What is motivational interviewing?

Back 3

Reflective listening, Open-ended questions, and affirmation.

Front 4

Development Advising

Back 4

Give the tools to help someone be aware of their issues and help them figure out how to solve.

ex. Therapy

Front 5

Prescriptive Advising

Back 5

Telling someone what their issue and and how to solve it. Doesn't let the person solve their issues on their own.

Front 6

What is a bad example of motivational interviewing?

Back 6

Counselor blames the patient for their issues, doesn't ask open-ended questions, and does not do reflective listening.

Front 7

Mental Contrasting

Back 7

What are your goals and what will get in your way (obstacles) of accomplishing them.

Front 8

Implementation Intentions

Back 8

Steps that outline how to conquer barriers that get in the way of reaching your goal.

Uses If-then statement, outlines when, where, and how an individual take action.

Front 9

Hypothesis Testing

Back 9

belief about relationships bw two or more variables.

The goal is to make accurate predictions.

Front 10

Predictive Thinking

Back 10

Helps reduce uncertainty in our environment

Front 11

What are the 2 methods Hypothesis Testing?

Back 11

Inductive and Deductive reasoning.

Front 12

True or False: Experimental research is always preferred over correlation research.

Back 12

True

Front 13

The Law of Chance

Back 13

the ability to predict the number or percentage of trials on which a particular outcome will occur

Front 14

What is the formula for Computing Probability in Single-Outcome Situations?

Back 14

# of ways a particular outcome (success) can occur

__________________________________________________

# of possible outcomes

(when each outcome is equally likely)

Front 15

Overconfidence

Back 15

Causes people to overestimate their knowledge, underestimate risks, and exaggerate their ability to control events

Front 16

Games of Chance

Back 16

For most people the only time they consider probability is when betting on games of chance.

Front 17

Conjunction Error

Back 17

--- The error of believing the occurrence of two events is more likely than the occurrence of one.

---The probability of two events occurring is always less than the probability of one of them occurring.

Front 18

Cumulative Risk

Back 18

Measures the odds of 2 or more events to occur

Front 19

Base Rate Neglect

Back 19

To overestimate the probability of two or more events occurring.

Front 20

Gambler's Fallacy

Back 20

Based on past outcomes of an event, it will effect the probability of future occurrence.

-------Because the past results were negative, you will now get a positive result in the future.

EX. The last 5 scratch off tickets didn't win, so the next one should be a winner.

Front 21

Risk

Back 21

People overestimate the frequencies of events that rarely occur, and underestimate frequencies of those that occur very often.

Front 22

Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Back 22

Belief that when one thing occurs, multiple outcomes will result from it.

Front 23

Type I Error

Back 23

Incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (false positive)

EX Jury claims innocent man is guilty

Front 24

Type II Error

Back 24

Incorrect rejection of a false null hypothesis (false negative)

EX Jury claims guilty man is innocent

Front 25

Sample Size

Back 25

The # of participants included in the sample.

Front 26

The Law of Large Numbers

Back 26

The larger the sample, the more confident you can be in generalizing the results to the population.

Front 27

Confound

Back 27

The third variable- when there is a relationship between two variables, there is a possbility of a third variable responsible for the relationship we are unaware of.

Front 28

Biased samples

Back 28

When a sample is not representative of a population

Front 29

Populations and Samples

Back 29

Population: The GROUP we want to know about

Sample: A SUBSET of a population.

Ex: All students of the US-->Students at CSUF

Front 30

Variable

Back 30

A Variable is anything we measure.

This is a broad definition that includes most everything we will be interested in for an experiment.

Front 31

Regression toward the mean

Back 31

happens when unusually large or small measurements tend to be followed by measurements that are closer to the mean