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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sensation?
What is perception? |
Sensation: an early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it - either inside or outside the body
Perception: a process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate |
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How does stimulation become sensation?
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the brain senses the world indirectly because the sense organs convert stimulation into the language of the nervous system (neural impulses)
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What is transduction?
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transformation of one form of energy into another - esp. the transformation of stimulus information into nerve impulses
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What are receptors?
What is the sensory pathway? |
receptors: specialized neurons that are activated by stimulation and transduce (convert) it into a nerve impulse
sensory pathway: bundles of neurons that carry information from the sense organs to the brain |
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What is sensory adaptation?
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loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a while
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What is the absolute threshold?
What is the difference threshold? What is Weber's law? |
AT: amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected
DT: smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected (aka just noticeable diff - JND) Weber's law: the JND is always large when the stimulus intensity is high, and small when the stimulus intensity is low |
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What is the signal detection theory?
What are hits? misses? false alarms? correct rejections? |
perceptual judgment as combination of sensation and decision-making processes
stimulus event --> neural activity --> comparison w/ personal standard --> action/no action - Hits: detecting signals when they are present - Misses: failing to detect signals when they are present - False Alarms: detecting signals when they are absent - Correct Rejections: not detecting signals when they are absent |
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What is subliminal perception?
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the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
- subliminal: below threshold |
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What are the stimuli and receptors for the 5 senses?
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Vision:
stimulus - electromagnetic energy receptors - rods & cones in the retina Hearing: stimulus - sound waves receptors - hair cells of the inner ear Smell: stimulus - chem. subs. in air receptors - receptor cells in nose Taste: stimulus - chem. subs. in saliva receptors - taste buds on tongue Touch: stimulus: pressure on skin receptors: nerve endings in skin |
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What is the retina?
What are photoreceptors? What are rods and cones? What is the fovea? |
retina: light-sensitive layer at the back of the eyeball
photoreceptors: light-sensitive cells in the retina that convert light E to neural impulses (transducers) rods: sensitive to dim light but not to colors (peripheral & dark) cones: sensitive to colors but not dim light (center - center vision) fovea: area of sharpest vision in the retina |
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What is the optic nerve?
What is the blind spot? |
optic nerve: bundle of neurons that carries visual information from the retina to the brain
blind spot: point where the optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors |
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What is the transduction of light in the retina?
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incoming light stimulus (retina)
> ganglion cells >> brain (optic nerve) > thalamus > occipital lobe (visual cortex) >> bipolar cells >> rods & cones >> bipolar cells >> ganglion cells |
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What is the visual cortex?
What is color? |
visual cortex: part of the brain - the occipital love - where visual sensations are processed
color: psychological sensations derived from the wavelength of visible light - color, itself, is not a property of the external world |
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What is the trichromatic theory?
What is the opponent-process theory? What are afterimages? |
trichromatic theory: 3 cones (red, green, blue) that mix colors
opponent-process theory: each color has an opponent color (red-green, yellow-blue) (if eye is fatigued - it sees opp. color) afterimages: sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed |
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
What is the visible spectrum? |
ES: entire range of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves, x-rays, microwaves, & visible light
VS: tiny part of the ES to which our eyes are sensitive |
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What is color blindness?
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color blindness: vision disorder that prevents an individual from discriminating certain colors
wavelength = color intensity = brightness ROYGBIV R = longest wavelength V = shortest wavelength |
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What is conduction deafness?
What is nerve deafness? |
CD: acquired; an inability to hear resulting from damage to structures of the middle or inner ear
ND: born with; an inability to hear, linked to a deficit in the body's ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain, usually involving the auditory nerve or higher auditory processing centers |
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What is the vestibular sense?
What is the kinesthetic sense? |
VS: sense of body orientation with respect to gravity
KS: sense of body position & movement of body parts relative to each other |
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What is olfaction?
What are olfactory bulbs? What are pheromones? |
olfaction: sense of smell
olfactory bulbs: brain sites of olfactory processing pheromones: chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of the same species |
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What is gustation?
What are taste buds? What are supertasters? What is taste? |
gustation: sense of taste
taste buds: receptors for taste (primarily on the upper side of the tongue including sweet, salty, bitter, & sour) supertasters: have majority of bitter taste buds taste: most resistance to damage |
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What are the skin senses?
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- touch
- warmth - cold |
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What is a placebo?
What is the placebo effect? What is the gate-control theory? |
placebo: subs. that appear to be drugs but are not
placebo effect: a response to a placebo caused by subjects' belief that they are taking real drugs Gate-control theory: neurons (fast/large) with extra myelin sheath rush up to close the "gate" (PAG - periaqueductal grey - neurons) - Melzack & Wall |
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What is percept?
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meaningful product of perception
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What are feature detectors?
What is the binding problem? |
feature detectors: cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus
binding problem: a mayor unsolved mystery in cognitive psychology, concerning the physical processes used by the brain to combine many aspects of sensation to a single percept |
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What is bottom-up processing?
What is top-down processing? |
bottom-up: analysis that emphasizes characteristics of the stimulus, rather then internal concepts
top-down: emphasizes perceiver's expectations, memories, and other cognitive factors |
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What are perceptual constancies and what are they? (3)
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ability to recognize the same object under diff. conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location
- shape constancy - size constancy - color constancy |
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What are illusions?
What are ambiguous figures? |
illusions: demonstrably incorrect experience of a stimulus pattern, shared by others in the same perceptual environment
ambiguous figures: images that are capable of more than one interpretation |
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What is learning-based inference?
What is a perceptual set? |
learning-based inference: view that perception is primarily shaped by learning, rather than innate factors
perceptual set: readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context |
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What is gestalt psychology?
Who found it? |
view that much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain
- Max Werthemer |
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What is figure?
What is ground? |
figure: part of a pattern that commands attention
ground: ground of a pattern that does not command attention; the background |
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What are the gestalt laws of perceptual grouping? (5)
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Similarity: items that are similar tend to be grouped together
Proximity: objects near each other tent to be grouped together Continuity: lines are seen as following the smoothest path Common Fate: seeing similar things as grouped together Pragnanz: perceiving things as we thing them to be |
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What are subjective contours?
What is closure? |
subjective contours: boundaries that are perceived but do not appear in the stimulus pattern
closure: tendency to fill in gaps in figures and see incomplete figures as complete |
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What is depth perception?
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moreso innate, and learned (Gibson & Walk's Visual Cliff)
Result: everyday depth perception in older children & adults involves a combination of cues - binocular & monocular |
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What are the binocular cues? (2)
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(2 eyes)
1. Binocular Convergence: both of our eyes --> muscle converges in different angles 2. Retinal Disparity: seeing images at diff. angles with each eye |
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What are monocular cues? (5)
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(1 eye)
1. Relative Size: when looking at a distance, objects seem smaller (perceptual/size constancy) 2. Light & Shadow: objects that are more bright are closer; dark are farther 3. Interposition: objects that block other objects are closer; hidden are farther 4. Relative Motion: (motion parallax) when you're moving, objects closer to you look like they're speeding by; farther away seem slower 5. Atmospheric Perspective: cue to perceive depth in fog |
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What is the Phi Phenomenon?
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we perceive motion when its not really there
(movie seems flowing, but it's motion pictures) |
