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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Psychology is based on what 2 premises?
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Empiricism and Theory
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Empiricism
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the idea that knowledge should be acquired through careful observation
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Theory
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a collection of interrelated idesas and observations that together describe, explain, and predict behavior or mental processes
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What are the 3 Principles of Scientific Endeavor?
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1) Objectivity
2) Systematic Observation 3) Replicability 3 Principles: OSOR |
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Steps of the Scientific Method
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1) State the Problem
2) Develop a Hypothesis 3) Design a Study 4) Collect and Analyze Data 5) Draw Conclusions and report results Observation/Hypothesis/Experiment/Analyze Data/Form Conclusions |
5 steps
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hypothesis
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a tentative statement or idea expressing a relationship between events or variables that is going to be tested in a study
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Experiment
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a procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates and observes elements of a situation in order to test a hypothesis and try to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
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Independent Variable
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the condition that the experimenter manipulates to see what changes occur as a result of the manipulation
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Dependent Variable
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the behavior or response that is expected to change because of the manipulation of the independent variable.
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Sample
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a group of individuals who participate in a study and are assumed to be representative of the larger population.
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Operational Definition
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a definition of a variable in terms of the set of methods or procedures used to measure or study it
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Descriptive Research Methods
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the type of research that involves describing existing events rather than performing a manipulation of an independent variable and observing changes.
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case study
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a descriptive research method that involves intensive observation and analysis of a single individual
ex. LTP, Anna O'Hyster |
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Naturalistic Observation
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(a descriptive research method that)involves observation of behavior in a naturally occurring situation rather than in a laboratory.
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Survey
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a descriptive research method in which a set of questions is posed to a large group of participants.
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Correlational Study
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a descriptive research method that attempts to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables.
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Ex Post Facto study
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a descriptive research method that allows researchers to describe differences among groups of participants.
contrast groups of participants who differ in some variable of interest (e.g. gender, age, race, etc.) Note: very common |
differences
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2 categories of Statistics used in Psych.
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1) Descriptive statistics
2) Inferential statistics |
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Descriptive Statistics
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A category of statistics that includes procedures to summarize, condense, and describe sets of data.
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what is the 1st step in analyzing data?
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organization
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1 word
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Measure of central tendency
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a descriptive statistic that tells
which score best represents an entire set of scores 3 types commonly used mean median mode |
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3 measure of cental tendency often used
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mean
median mode |
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standard deviatioin
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a measure of the variability of the scores in a set from the mean of the set
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Coefficient of Determination
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Correlational coefficient SQUARED to illustrate magnitude comparison
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Inferential Statistics
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A category of statistics that allows researchers to conclude whether the results they have obtained form meaningful patterns.
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Significant Difference
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a difference that is unlikely to have occurred because of chance alone and is thus inferred to be most likely due to the systematic manipulation of a variable in a research study.
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Ethics
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rules concerning proper and acceptable conduct that investigators use to guide their studies
Ethics govern the treatment of animals, the rights of human beings, and the responsibilities of researchers |
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informed consent
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the agreement of participants to take part in a research study and their acknowledgment, expressed through their signature on a document, that they have been fully informed about the general nature of the research, its goals, and its methods.
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debriefing
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telling participants after study completion what the true nature of the study was
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