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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain
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The complex mass of neural cells and related cells encased in the skull
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Spinal Cord
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The nerve fibers in the spinal column
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Neuron
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An individual nerve cell
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Cell Body
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The central part of the neuron that includes the nucleus
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Dendrites
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Extensions of the cell body that usually serve as receiving areas for messages from other neurons.
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axons
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Neuron branches that transmit messages to other neurons
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Nerve
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A bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
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Ions
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Electrically charged particles
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Cell Membrane
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The covering of a neuron or another cell
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Semipermeable
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A surface that allows some, but not all, particles to pass through
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Polarized
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The resting state of a neuron, when more negative ions are inside and more positive ions are outside the cell membrane
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Depolarization
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The process during which positively charged ions flow into the axon, making it less negatively charged inside
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All-or-none principle
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The law that states that once a neural action potential is produced, its magnitude is always the same
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Action potential
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A brief electrical signal that travels the length of the axon
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Myelin Sheath
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The insulating fatty covering wrapped around the axon that speeds the transmission of neural messages
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Synapse
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The space between the axon of one neuron and another neuron
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Synaptic Gap
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Thje small space between two neurons at a synapse
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemical substances, produced by axons, that transmit messages across the synapse
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Synaptic Knobs
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The knoblike tips of axons
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Receptor sites
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Sites on the neuron that recieve the neurotransmitter substance
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Cerebellum
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Two rounded structures behind the pons involved in the coordination of muscle movements, learning, and memory
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Reticular Formation
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Sets of neurons that proect from ther medulla and pons downward into the spinal cord to play a role in maintaining muscle tone and cardiac reflexes and upward throughout the cerebral cortex where they influence wakefulness, arousal level, and attention
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Thalamus
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the part of the forebrain that primarily routes sensory messages to appropriate parts of the brain
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Hypothalamus
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The small part of the forbrain involves with motives, emotions, and the functions of the autonomic nervous system
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Limbic system
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A complex brain system, composed of the amygdala, hippocampus, septal area,and cingulate cortex, that works with the hypothalmus in emotional arousal
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Cerebral Cortex
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The largest structure in the forebrain, controlling conscious experience and and intelligence and being involved with the somatic nervous system
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Lobes
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Four major cords of the cortex
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Association Areas
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Area within each lobe of the cerebral cortex believed to play general rather than specific roles; generally are considered to be the site
of higher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory and speech |
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Neurogenesis
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The hypothesized growth of new neurons in adult mammals
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Hemispheres
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Symmetrical left and
right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location |
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Lateralization
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The dominance of one
hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language |
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Biofeedback:
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A procedure in which
a person learns to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating, and the constriction of particular muscles. |
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Neuroplasticity
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Changes in the
brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas |
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Motor Area
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The part of the cortex that
is largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement |
