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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's Personality?
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those relatively enduring characteristics of individuals that account for their consistent patterns of responses to situations
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What are the elements of Personality theory?
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motivation
-what drives people structure -what are the buidling blocks of personality growth and development -how is personality shaped by natural development and childhood experience Psychopathology and therapy -what are the causes of psychological problems and how do you fix them |
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What's the conservation of energy and who came up with it?
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energy can't be created or destroyed; only change form
freud and brucke |
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What's Hysteria?
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women with bizarre behavior and systems
-freud was convinced that it was caused by psychogenic issues |
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What did Freud discover about hysteria with his patients?
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saw a pattern in cases
-emotional conflict--desires(often sexual) vs. guilt about desires --heightened by tramatic event -forgetting of key incidents -creation of a psychologically related symptom--symbolic, meaningful |
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What are the three spaces in the mind by Freud?
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concious--direct access
preconscious--can come into consciousness unconscious- thoughts that we are unaware of, but can affect feelings behavior ---actively kept out by repression |
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What is the Id?
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our animal nature
desires for gratification of biological needs-- food, water, air, sex libido--sensual vs. sexual pleasure principle-- i want what i want and i want it now Primary process thinking- no distinction between fantasy and reality, irrational, no thoughts of consequences, no inibitions |
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What is the Ego?
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emerges with first frustration
-wants gratification but considers the consequences -Reality Principle- I want what i want but how can I actually get it given the world the way it is? -Secondary Process Thinking- Understands difference between fantasy and reality, rational, practical, considers consequences, compromises |
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What's the Superego?
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Ego is practical, amoral
-as child ages, internalizes rules of society, develops moral sense, what is right vs. wrong superego= conscience -in some ways opposite of id --id is immoral and superego is moral -in other ways very similar to id--both are inflexible and demanding, want differ things but want it NOW, no matter the practical consequences |
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What is the structural model
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Id
Ego Superego -it's dynamic -3 forces in conflict, behavior results from ego's attempt to find compromise to satisfy id and superego |
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In what ways are energy released if the Id is held down?
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parapraxes (freudian slip)
dreams symbolic symptoms -Hysteria |
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What are the Defense Mechanisms?
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Repression
Displacement Denial Rationalization Projection Reaction Formation Sublimation |
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What's Displacement?
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transfer of psychic energy from an unacceptable to acceptable object
-acceptable object usually associated with or resembles the original object ex: angry at parents, bully other kids |
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What's denial?
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Refusal to accept reality of unacceptable situation
-medical diagnoses -lovers, children difficult to maintain--requires too much energy |
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What's Rationalization?
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producing a seemingly logical rationale for an impulse, thought, or reality that would otherwise produce anxiety
-sports are for losers -generating reasons for ethnic hatred |
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What's Projection?
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attributing an unacceptable thought or feeling of your own to someone else instead of yourself
"All you ever think about is sex!" angry spouses see other as hostile or suspicious |
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What's Reaction Formation?
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Turning an unacceptable impulse into its opposite
objectionable impulse is expressed in an opposite or contrasting behavior ex: a gay polititian says that there cant be gay marriages, but he is gay himself |
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What's Sublimation?
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redirection of unacceptable impulses inot socially acceptable pursuits
ex: thinking about sex, so draws a naked lady |
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What's intelligence?
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quick vs. slow
abstract and conceptual able to learn broad vs. specific different from being educated, cultured |
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Who's Binet?
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wanted to identify children who needed remedial education
developed the IQ test |
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Who's Terman?
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brought IQ testing to U.S.
-interested in identifying "gifted" students & comparing adults on intelligence -based on "norms" developed through large scale testing |
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What's the Weschler Intelligence Scales?
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has basic comprehension, information, and arithmetic
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How good are IQ tests? Reliable?
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good test retest reliability
valid? harder question IQ correlates with later GPA Work success$ longevity |
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Who are the Termites?
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Terman picked 1528 kids with IQ>130, still being followed
more education, salary than average average in divorce, alcoholism, suicide differences in persistence and parental warmth and encouragement |
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What's Spearman's g theory?
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there was a gnereal intelligence factor(g) that contributes to all abilities
but then other specific abilities that are partially separate there is fluid and crystallized g |
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What's fluid g?
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ability to deal with new and unusual problems
-mental speed and flexibility |
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What's Crystallized g?
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repertoire of acquired skills and information
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What's STernberg's Tripartite Theory?
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there's three intelligences:
Practical intelligence analytic intelligence emotional intelligience |
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What's Practical Intelligence?
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Sternberg's Tripartite Theory
often seen in business: find effective solutions "street smarts" |
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What's analytic Intelligence?
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measured most often by IQ test
sternberg's tripartite theory |
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What's Emotional Intelligence?
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ability to perceive and understand emotions, as well as to use emotions to facilitate thinking
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What's howard gardner's posited 8 types of intelligences?
(mulitple intelligences) |
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic |
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What determines Intelligence?
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Nature vs. nurture
it's both |
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What's Einstein's Brain like?
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his brain is average size
-missing a fissure(lateral sulcus) -the math area was wider than normal (inferior parietal) more glial cells which help transmission |
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What is the problem with thinking that IQ is mostly Genetic?
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problem is that genetics and environment are naturally confounded
ex: "alcoholism runs in my family, both my mom and dad are drunks" -in normal circumstances, people grow up with people they are related to --exception is adopted children -most interesting cases are identical twins reared apart |
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What is the importance of environment? (nurture)
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only 50% of intelligence is inherited
studies show clear environmental effects -termite study -longer in poor environment, lower IQ -Flynn Effect--there is a world wide increase in IQ |
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What is Stereotype Threat?
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fear held by target of stereotype that they will confirm negative stereotype of a group
-this creates anxiety and mental load -can depress performance of tasks |
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What is correlation?
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expresses the relationship between two variables
varies from 1.00 to 0 correlation of 1 means there is a perfect relationship score of -1.00 is a perfect inverse relationship score of 0 is no relationship |
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Does correlation equal causation?
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not always
-it can--smoking linked to mortality; half of all smokers will die from smoking-related illness but it also might not -length of life is negatively correlated with number of ashtrays you own; the more ashtrays, the shorter you can expect to live third variable problem: -always possible that some third variable is the hidden causal factor producing relationship between first two variables |
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What's Validity?
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valid= grounded in truth
ex: valid driver's license -valid excuse -valid test does the test measure what it is suppose to measure? face validity convergent validity discriminant validity predictive validity |
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What is Reliability?
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does the measure consistently assess the same construct?
-measure once, measure twice, get the same result( test-retest reliability) -split up test, both parts correlate well (split half reliability) expected Reliability depends on possibility of change in variable |
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What is Polymorphous Perversity?
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focus of id energy changes over development-- such as erogenous zones
variant at stages of development |
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What was freud's theory of fixation and regression?
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leave energy behind at stages thru trama, undergratification or overgratification
return to these forms of gratification under stress-- creates individual differences these things are developed during the stages of development |
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What's the different stages of development? according to freud
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Oral stage (birth-18 months)
Anal stage (18 months- 4 years) Phallic stage (4-6 years) Latency stage (6- puberty) Genital stage (puberty-on) |
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What's the Oral stage of development
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Birth- 18 months
Erogenous Zone -mouth (sucking) Typical Conflicts: weening-when the mom makes the baby feed out of the bottle instead or real food -under and over feeding typical outcomes: -oral habits like thumb sucking, fingernail biting, eating, smoking -biting sarcasm, public speaking |
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What's the Anal Stage of development?
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18 months- 4 years
Erogenous Zone: -Anus (production) Typical Conflicts: -Toilet Training -control issues Typical Outcomes -Rententive traits like orderly, thrifty, stubborn, controlling -Expulsive traits like messy, generous, scatological humor |
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What's the Phallic Stage of Development?
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4-6 years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals (masturbation) Typical Conflicts: Parents flip out Typical Outcomes: -crucial stage in development of superego and sex roles -different paths for boys and girls |
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What is the Oedipus Complex?
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for both sexes, conflict begins with attraction to mom
-boy begins to hate father as rival -and fears him--because he thinks that his father will castrate him -what's a boy to do? --identification with the aggressor --internalizes father as disciplinarian--creates superego --represses the whole conflict |
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What's the Electra Complex?
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begins the same as boys--mother as source of pleasure, attraction
-girl realizes she is missing something--PENIS ENVY Becmoes attracted to dad- he has penis What's a girl to do? -identification with mom as she is penis-less too -no intense conflict--weak superego |
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What's the Latency and Genital Stages of development?
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latency stage-6 years to puberty
-little id activity or conflict genital stage puberty-on -mature sexual interests -no longer autoerotic -conflicts-shame and guilt about sexuality |
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What is important summary of the stage theory?
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children leave energy behind at almost every stage
timing of childhood conflicts and fixations shapes adult personality |
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What is the point of psychoanalytic therapy?
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problems caused by fixations--energy stuck in past conflicts
goal of therapy is to: -identify conflict/ fixation -working thru to release energy identifying conflict not easy -repressed, disguised by defense mechanisms -talking cure: free association, analysis of resistance |
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What is Dream Analysis?
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dreams as wish fulfillments
-defenses down, id impulses slip out - the royal road to the unconscious |
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Manifest vs. Latent Content
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Manifest- you are able to remember the dream and able to talk
Latent content- what the symbols meant |
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What's displacement with dreams?
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say you want something and instead you change what you want so that you feel better about it in your dream
ex: " if you want to sleep with your mom, you switch it to wanting to date another girl" |
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What is visual representation in dreams?
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take things that you want and change it to pictures
ex: riding a horse= sexual desire because dreaming about sex is bad guns= penis anything round with a hole is a vagina |
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What's Condensation in dreams?
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-dreams are very compact
-everything was tightly packed -had to peel back layer by layer of meaning ex: if you're shooting someone with guns can mean about sex or aggression towards father etc. |
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What is the Anxiety dream and counterwishes?
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id's desire becomes fear, results in nightmares
superego also speaks to you. you're not doing work, and so you have anxiety dreams id and superego counter each other |
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What are Projective Tests?
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rely on mechanisms of projection
-show person an ambiguous stimulus and they will "project" their wishes and conflicts onto it two famous tests -rorschach test- pictures -Thematic apperception test |
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What are some strengths of Freud's analysis of psychoanalysis?
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-comprehensive and parsimonious
-notion of unconscious well-accepted -captures important conflicts between desires, reality, morality -influential in psychology, anthropology, art, literature |
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What are some Criticisms of Freud's psychoanalysis?
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-overemphasis on instinctual gratification and sex
-culturally bound -anti-feminist -unfalsiable -data dont support it--especially theory of development, repression, dreams |
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Who is Carl Jung?
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close disciple of Freud
-broke from Freud to form his own analytical psychology -there is a collective unconscious -archetypes -synchronicity |
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What is Alfred Adler's view of ego psychology?
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-people are striving for superiority
-they have an inferiority complex |
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What are some views of Karen Horney?
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striving for security
-moving toward-affection and approval, need for partner Moving against- need for power, exploit others moving away- need for self sufficiency |
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What's Erik Erikson's views of ego psychology?
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-strive for identity
-go through the different stages like oral, anal, phallic, latency,genital infancy, childhood, play age, school age,adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, mature age have different aquired values at different stages and ages |
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What happens during the infancy stage in Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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birth-1 year
oral trust vs. mistrust Acquired virtue: hope |
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What's Erikson's Early childhood stage in his Psychosocial stages?
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1-3 years
Anal Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt acquired virtue: will |
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What is the Play Age Stage in Erikson's Psychosocial stages?
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3-6 years
phallic Initiative vs. guilt Acquired Virtue: purpose |
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What was the School Age in Erikson's Psychosocial stage?
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6-12 years
Latency Industry vs inferiority Acquired Virtue: competence |
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What's Adolescence in ERikson's Psychosocial Stages?
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12-20 years
identity vs. confusion acquired virtue: fidelity |
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What is Young Adulthood in Erikson's Psychosocial stages?
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intimacy vs. isolation
acquired virtue: love |
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What's Adulthood in Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?
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Generativity vs. stagnation
acquired virtue: care |
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What's Mature Age in Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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65+ years
integrity vs. despair acquired virtue: wisdom |
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What is Humanistic Psychology?
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view of human nature is essentially positive --selfless and optimistic
-human beings have an innate tendency to move toward growth and maturity, to fulfill their potential -called this tendency toward Self-actualization |
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What are Maslow's hierarchy of Needs
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go from basic and biological on bottom to complex and social on top
can't meet higher level needs unless lower level needs are met physiological safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization |
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What's Physiological from Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
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What is safety from maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property
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What is Love/belonging from Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?
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friendship, family, sexual intimacy
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What's esteem from Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
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What's self actualization from maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
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What was Carl Roger's Theory?
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phenomenological theory
-self-actualization -the self-organized pattern of beliefs and perceptions about oneself |
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What is Real self?
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beliefs and perceptions of what you really are like
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What's Ideal self?
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Beliefs and perceptions of what you would ideally want to be like
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What's Organismic Experience?
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How we really feel
objective, unconscious |
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What is Phenomenal Experience?
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How we say we feel
subjective, Conscious |
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What is congruent in self actualization?
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when phenomenal and organismic experience agree
it means you are in touch with your feelings and it leads to self actualization |
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What is incongruent and self actualization?
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when phenomenal and organismic experience disagree
the use of defense mechanisms, and this causes the person to not have any self actualization possible |
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What's Positive Regard?
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-liking, loving, or respecting another person or yourself
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What's Unconditional Positive Regard?
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not dependent on a person's behavior
UPR from others-> UP selfregard-> Congruence |
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What is Conditional Positive Regard?
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dependent on a person's behavior
CPR From Others-> CP self regard-> Incongruence |
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What are the differences of psychoanalytic and humanistic?
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-negative vs. positive view of human nature
-emphasis on id and instinct vs ego and social needs and relationship -psychopathology likely vs. unlikely -very different therapy approaches |
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What's the similarities of psychoanalytic vs. humanistic theory?
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-comprehensive theories
-post fundamental motivations -unconscious conflict, defense mechanisms -therapies similar in style--long, talking -neither based on much data |
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What does Anna O. and Fraulein Elizabeth Von R have to do with Freud?
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Freud saw a pattern in their cases of hysteria
had emotional conflicts turned their conflicts into symbolic physical cases, like hurting legs |
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Is there evidence for genetic contributions to intelligence?
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yes, mono zygotic twins, raised apart still resemble each other very much
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What is the differences between states and traits?
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traits are dispositions to act in certain ways across time and situation--stable and enduring
states are only sometimes |
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What's the difference between traits and types?
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traits are specific dimensions along which personality differs not "kinds" of people
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What are some famous personality typologies?
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4 Humours of the Greeks
-Sanguine happy choleric agressive phlegmatic sluggish melancholic introspective Sheldon's somatotypes endomorph-tolerant mesomorph-adventurous ectomorph- introverted |
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What is temperament?
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characteristic behavioral/emotional style evident from a young age
biologically/genetically determined |
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What's Inhibited temperament?
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shy, anxious, fearful in regular situations
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What's uninhibited temperament?
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outgoing, calm, approach to regular stimuli
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Do mono zygotic twins show similar temperaments?
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yes
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How is temperament affected by the amygdala?
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when a child is uninhibited, their amygdala doesn't show as much activity as children who are inhibited because they are stressed and have high anxiety
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What's Eysenck's extraversion/ introversion dimension?
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introverts= higher central nervous system reactivity
-lower pain tolerance, prefer less noise when studying extroverts opposite |
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What's zuckerman's sensation seeking dimension?
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SS=tendency to seek novelty excitement, low tolerance for boredom
chronically underaroused, linked to neurotransmitters in brain |
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What are the big 5 personality dimensions?
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Openness to experience
Conscientious Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism traits are not types 5 primary dimensions along which human and perhaps animal personality differs |
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What is Openness to Experience?
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Fantasy- vivid imagination and fantasy life
Aesthetics- appreciates art and music Feelings- receptive to emotional states and experiences Actions- tries new things Ideas-intellectually curious and open Values- re-examine traditional values |
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What is Conscientious?
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control/self discipline
organization thoroguhness carefulness direct impulses |
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What is Extraversion?
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sociable
lively active assertive sensation-seeking |
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What's Agreeableness?
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-accommodating
empathetic friendly generous seeks social harmony sees the good in things |
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What's Neuroticism?
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emotional instability
moody nervous worrisome self-conscious |
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What is the situationaist critique of Trait psychology?
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trait view assumes consistency of behavior across situations
-mischel reviewed empirical research showing a low cross situational consistency in behavior replaced traits with ideas like skills, competencies, cognitive styles, expectancies -learned thru conditioning and observation |
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What is a strong situation?
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behavior is a function of the interaction of personality and situation
in strong situation such as if a bear is in the same room as you, everyone has the instinct of running therefore, no personality is revealed there |
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What is a weak situation?
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like a party, where everyone is there to socialize
personality reveals itself in weak situations you find out what kind of people they are |
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What is Self-Regulation?
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one key we learn is how to control our impulses
willpower, self-control, dealing with temptation |
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What's Delay of Gratification?
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can child resist small reward right now for larger reward later on?
depends on the situation determinants -development (age) -visceral proximity -distraction DOG predicts future academic and social competence |
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What's attributional style?
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3 dimensions
internal-external internal: some characteristic of my own external: some situation I was in Stable-Unstable stable-will persist unstable-may change Global-Specific global: generally true for me Specific- true only for a specific instance |
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What is Optimistic attributional style?
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negative events are viewed as external, unstable, specific
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What is Pessimistic ATtributional style?
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negative events are viewed as internal, stable, global
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Is Optimistic attributional style good for health?
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yes
general optimism associated with a host of positive life outcomes such as happiness, productivity, and satisfying social relationships maybe also have more determination to fight illness |
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what is MSCEIT?
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more valid
people who score better seem to be more successful in social settings |
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Psychometric approach to intelligence
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an attempt to understand the nature of intelligence by studying the pattern of results obtained on intelligence tests
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What is the hierarchal conception of intelligence
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linguistic ability
numerical ability mechanical ability all contribute to g |
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What's mental speed?
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how quick a person is at solving problems and speed of processing
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What's savant syndrome?
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individuals that have a single extraordinary talent, even though they are otherwise developmentally disabled
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What is the flynn effect?
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world wide increase of IQ every decade
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What is heritability ratio?
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this refers to the relative importance of heredity and environment in determining the observed variation of a particular trait. More specifically, H is the proportion of the variance of the trait in a given population that is attributable to genetic factors
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What is Lexical hypothesis
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hypothesis that uses natural selection to get rid of redundant words
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What are the cultural differences in traits and personality?
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they are generally the same except some unique characteristics
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What's Personality Paradox?
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idea that people seem to behave much less consistently than trait conception would predict
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What's self monitoring?
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how flexible or inflexible they are at fitting in with other people
high self monitor-care a great deal about how they appear to others low self monitors- more consistent across situations |
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What are object relations theory?
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held that relationships with important others constitute a powerful and relatively neglected motive underlying human behavior
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What is attatchment theory?
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attatchment to mothers
securely attatched, anxious/avoidment in attatchment, anxious/resistant, or disorganized in ther attatchment |
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positive psychology
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psychology that tries to make people healthy, hpapy, able to cope, or well adjusted to their life circumstances
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What's self efficacy?
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positive beliefs about a particular task is associated with success in that task.
more persistence, greater tolerance of frustration, both of which contribute to better performance |
