Psychology By David Myers 10Th Edition Chapter 4

Front 1

Behavior Genetics

Back 1

the study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior

Front 2

Environment

Back 2

every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Front 3

Chromosomes

Back 3

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Front 4

DNA

Back 4

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Front 5

Genes

Back 5

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of ysnthesizeing a protein

Front 6

Genome

Back 6

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Front 7

Identical Twins

Back 7

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

Front 8

Fraternal Twins

Back 8

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environments

Front 9

Temperament

Back 9

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Front 10

Molecular Genetics

Back 10

the subfields of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

Front 11

Heritability

Back 11

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

Front 12

Interactions

Back 12

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment), depends on another factor (such as heredity)

Front 13

Epigenetics

Back 13

the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Front 14

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 14

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Front 15

Natural Selection

Back 15

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed in to succeeding generation

Front 16

Mutation

Back 16

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Front 17

Gender

Back 17

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Front 18

Culture

Back 18

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Front 19

Norm

Back 19

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" beharior

Front 20

Individualism

Back 20

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributions rather than group identifications

Front 21

Collectivism

Back 21

giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

Front 22

Aggression

Back 22

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Front 23

X Chromosome

Back 23

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female

Front 24

Y Chromosome

Back 24

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

Front 25

Testosterone

Back 25

the most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Front 26

Role

Back 26

a set of expectations about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

Front 27

Gender Role

Back 27

a set of expected behaviors for males or females

Front 28

Social Learning Theory

Back 28

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Front 29

Gender Identity

Back 29

our sense of being male of female

Front 30

Gender Typing

Back 30

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Front 31

Transgender

Back 31

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex