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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cells that form the myelin sheath; insulate and support neurons by holding them together, removing waste product, and prevent harmful substances from passing through the bloodstream into the brain
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glial cells
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the condition of a neuron when the inside is negatively charged relative to the outside/ vice versa
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polarization/ depolarization
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electrical charge across a neuron membrane due to excess positive ions concentrated an outside and excess negative ions on the inside
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resting potential
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the firing of a nerve cell
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action potential
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a shift in the eletrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron
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graded potential
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the level an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire
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treshold of excitation
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a period after firing when the neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire only when it reaches the treshold of excitation
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relative refractory period
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a period after firing when a neuron will not fire again no matter how strong imcoming messages may be
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absolute refractory period
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tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into synapse
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synaptic vesicles
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locations on the receptor neuron in which specific neurotransmittersd fits like a key in a lock
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receptor sites
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the ability of the brain to change in response to experience
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plasticity
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relays and translates incoming messages from sense receptors(except smell); regulate the activity of brain centers in the cortex
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thalamus
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directly controls emotional behavior, stress, coordinating activity of the nervous system
4F'S: FIGHT, FLEE, FEED,AND MATE |
hypothalamus
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handles motor skills, reflexes, movement, and a sense of equillibrium
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cerebellum
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controls sleep patterns, connects spinal cord to midbrain, and arousal
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pons
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attached to spinal cord, controls unconscious systems: breathing circulation, muscle tone, and heart rate
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medulla
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controls smooth actions in regards to Parkinson's disease; hearing and sight; pain
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midbrain
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part of the cerrebral cortex that is responsible for voluntary movement; attention, goal-directed behavior and appropriate emotional behavior
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frontal lobe
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part of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory info from throughout the body
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parietal lobe
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part of the cerebral hemisphere that recieves and interprets visual info
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occiptal lobe
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part of the cerebral hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance and equillibrium and certain emotions and motivations
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temporal lobe
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a thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain
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corpus callosum
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specializes in verbal tasks: logic, rationale, and analysis
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left hemisphere
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specializes in visual/spatial tasks: face recognition, perception and expression of emotion
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right hemisphere
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a net like bundle of neurons running thru the brain; sends alert messages; arouse higher parts of the brain
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reticular formation
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ring of structures that play a role in learning and emotional behavior includes: amygdala and hippocampus that form new memories
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limbic system
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used to study a single neuron; to understand the dyanmics of action potential, effects of drugs and processes that occur
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microelectrode techniques
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used to study the activity of millions of neurons; provide size and rhythm of neural activity
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macroelectrode techniques
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used to study structural images: creates 3D picture without surgery
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CAT or CT
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used to create more precise pictures of a brain; where brain is exposed to radiowaves and hydrogen atoms in the brain release energy
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MRI
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tool where electrodes are placed on the scalp; electrodes record brain activity, then converted to color images, the images how distribution of wave activity
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EEG
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measure the strength of the magnetic field; used to determine which parts do the most work, where electric signals are not affected by bone
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MEG/MSI
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uses radioactive energy to map brain activity
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PET/SPECT
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branch of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for quick action in a emergency
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sympathetic division
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branch of the autonomic nervous system; it calms and relaxes the body
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parasympathetic division
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short fiber that branch out from the cell body and pick up incoming messages
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dendrites
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soma
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cell body
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single long fiber extending from cell body; it carries outgoing messages
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axon
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white fatty tissue covering found in some axons
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myelin sheath
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electrically charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron
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ions
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principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; the neuron either fires at full strength or not at all
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all or none law
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chemicals released by the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons
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neurotransmitters
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division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
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the central nervous system
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the outer surface of the two cerebral hemispheres that regulate most complex behavior
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cerebral cortex
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a complex cable of axons that connect the brain to the rest of the body; permits some reflex movements and carry messages to and from the brain
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spinal cord
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the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages from the senses to the central nervous system and between the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles
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somatic nervous system
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the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the internal organs
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autonomic nervous system
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glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstrean
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endocrine glands
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endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces the hormone thyroxin
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thyroid gland
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4 tiny glands embedded in the thyroid; secretes parathormone
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parathyroid gland
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a gland located in the center of the brain that appears to regulate activity levels over a course of a day
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pineal gland
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organ between the stomach and small intestine; secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
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pancreas
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gland located on the underside of the brain and produces the most hormones
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pituitary gland
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the reproductive glands(testes and ovaries)
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the gonads
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two endocrine glands located above the kidneys
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the adrenal glands
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