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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's Knowledge?
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knowledge consists of mental representations of the world and our experiences in it
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What are the types of Representations?
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Analogical Representation
Symbolic representation |
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What's Analogical Representations?
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capture some of the actual characteristics of what they represent
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What's Symbolic Representation?
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do not bear a resemblance to what they represent
there is 4 kinds -concepts -propositions -generic memory -semantic memory |
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What's Mental images?
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mental representations of sensory and perceptual experiences
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What's Visual Images?
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seem picture-like in many ways, but they are not pictures
-it depends on how you interpret them |
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What is "concepts" of symbolic representation?
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concepts-mental groupings
-the concept of 'dog', those doginess properties of dogs |
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what is "propositions" of symbolic representations?
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'statements' that relate a subject(what is being talked about) to a predicate (what is being asserted about the subject)
Golf(subject) takes patience to learn (predicate |
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What is Generic Memory?
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a kind of symbolic representation
-has facts about things |
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What's Semantic memory?
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a kind of generic memory, one concerned with the meanings of words and concepts
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What is the idea of Connectionist Models?
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an individual memory/concept/.. is not represented as a single node in a network
rather it has a distributed representation in a network concept is collection of activated nodes in a network |
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What is the difference between Ill-defined problems and well-defined problems?
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ill defined problems are when the goal is not precisely specified and there is no clear path to the goal
-well defined problems have a clear goal and there is a sense of what paths are possible |
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What are the different techniques of Problem Solving?
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-applying existing knowledge
-algorithims-step by step procedures which yield a solution -heuristics- rule of thumb that do not guarantee a solution -insight |
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What's Hierarchical Reasoning?
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identify the goal of solving the problem
-then identify subgoals, smaller problems to be solved subgoals can be further broken down into even smaller problems |
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What's Automaticity?
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refers to actions carried out spontaneously, typically without conscious attention or directed will
ex: walking, speaking, bicycle riding |
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What is the difference between experts and novices at problem solving?
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knowledge of experts is focused on higher order patterns of a problem
novices focal on local patterns |
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What is a mental set?
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the predisposition to perceive, remember, or think of one thing rather than another
ex: the luchin's water jar problem they were conditioned to do the jar thing this one way, so they couldn't see an easier way to do it |
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What are some ways to overcome obstacles?
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working backwards
finding as suitable analogy restructuring |
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What is deductive reasoning?
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what you conclude from a set of premises
cause and effect |
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What's a syllogisms?
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consists of a set of two premises from which a conclusion may be drawn
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What's Inductive reasoning?
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involves reasoning from a few particular observations to some general claim
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What is Availability Heuristic?
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we have a tendency to base our judgments on the availability of information in our memories
-have bias because they have an available example that comes to mind |
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What's Representative Heuristic?
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tendency to judge the likelihood of things based on how well they represent particular prototypes
ex: you catagorize people in groups because they represent someone like that |
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What's Confirmation Bias?
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tend to give more credit to evidence that is consistent with our beliefs than evidence which is inconsistent with our beliefs
ex: the more random coin tosses we think is more likely to happen than if there is lots of head tosses |
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What are the dual process theory?
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System 1: fast automatic thinking
System 2: slower effortful thinking |
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When we're making decisions what do we consider?
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possible outcomes
possible risks |
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What's Framing?
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how an issue is framed influences our behavior- the advertiser's advantage
ex: assume yourself richer by $500 than you are today. You have to choose between a) a sure loss of $100, and B) 50 percent chance to loose nothing and a 50 percent chance to loose 200 |
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What are the 5 key properties of Language?
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creative
structured meaningful referential interpersonal |
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What is Creative Language?
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We are continually creating/producing new and understanding sentences we have never heard before
ex:we create new vocabulary and phrases because of technolgical advances |
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What is Structured language?
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There is a structure to words, phrases, and sentences
plan is structured while tlan is no tl in the english language Note: just because they're structured doesn't mean that they have any meaning |
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What is Meaningful Language?
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words and sentences convey ideas and concepts
NOTE: just because it's structured doesn't mean it has meaning -needs to have structure to be meaningful -something that is referential has to have meaning |
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What is Referential Language?
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language is used to describe and make reference to things in the world
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What is interpersonal Language?
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share similar knowledge of structure with the language
-people need to have the same dialect to fully understand each other |
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What is phonetics?
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physical properties of sound
-how you use vocals chords to pronounce or how your ears hear the sound |
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What is phonology?
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Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
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What are the levels of language?
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phonetics
phonology morphology words syntax semantics |
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What significance is there of Phonetics and Phonology in the English language?
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there are different pronounciation of each letter like [t]
Tack lattice slat you can't change the meaning of tack by pronouncing it with the lattice t instead of the tack t |
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What is Phonemes?
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a unit of phonology that is the smallest perceptional unit pronounced
-substitution of one phoneme for another creates a new word or non-word ex: t, p, e, sh how many phonemes does the word [sound] have? 4 what about cheap? 3 |
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Is the sound structure of a language independent or dependent of its writing system?
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independent
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What is Morphology/ Morphemes
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the minimal units of meaning in language
dog is one morpheme dogs is 2 morpheme |
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What is syntax?
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structure of sentence
how you put together a sentence like article, noun, verb, article noun the girl hit the ball |
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What's Open class?
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nouns, verbs, and adjectives
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What's closed class?
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articles, prepositions, tense makers
ex: -ed |
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What is semantics?
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meaning of the word's phrase and sentence
like the mayor wanted the police to stop drinking you can take it two different ways |
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Does Sign language have the same 5 key properties?
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yes, it's the same
just like spoken languages they have the same 5 key properties and the same levels and types of structures |
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How does the Child Learn language?
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the child acquires language on the basis of an innate capacity to acquire language coupled with linguistic experience
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What age is a child sensitive to languages?
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at birth
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How old do babies have to be to distinguish different languages?
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4 days old
as early as 1 months, infants show a preference for their native language |
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What do children learn the most about language at a young age?
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the rhythmic patterns of speech
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WHat's Receptive Language Abilities?
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the capacity on the receiving side of language to understand, comprehend, some aspects of the language being acquired
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What's Productive language abilities?
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THe capacity to produce, to say, some aspects of the language being acquired
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What's Overextension?
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ex: call any four legged animal a dog
granny for any older woman |
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What are one word utterances?
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a single word represents more than a single idea
juice can mean i want some juice mommy is pouring juice that is juice |
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What are the adult influences on a child with language?
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1. talking to the child
2. vocal stress on new words 3. labeling objects in the focus of a child's attention 4. naming games- Where's...? 5. Repitition |
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What are the Child's contributions to learning language?
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1. names name whole objects
2. one object-one name 3. observing others 4.linguistic context |
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What's telegraphic speech?
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combining words-
more+ juice all+wet etc |
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What's Overregularization?
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breaked
broked goed wented bringed |
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What is phrenology?
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labeled and number the different areas of the brain
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What is Equipotentiality?
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all sensations all perceptions and all volition occupy concurrently the same seat in these organs
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Who is Paul Broca?
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was sexist more than racist
-did the experiment tan tan -saw a large lesion in the frontal lobe |
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What is Broca's Aphasia?
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Symptoms:
a) Agrammatism: tendency to omit 'function' words (ex:a/of/is) also called telegraphic speech b) slow effortful speech c) relatively good comprehension |
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What's Wernicke's aphasia?
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symptoms:
a) fluent but frequently ungrammatical speech b)word substitution errors c)impaired comprehension types of word substitution error sound errors: dog->tog etc |
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What did Carl Wernicke contribute?
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he had the functional anatomic model of language
C: concept representations widely distributed M: motor word images borca's area A: auditory word images wernicke's area if the link between these two was severed something would be messed up |
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What is Anomic Naming Errors?
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unable to name nouns
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When does Cooing and other vocalizations occur in babies?
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about six weeks
cooing: long drawn out vowel sounds other vocalizations: tongue clicking lip smacking, blowing raspberries, squealing |
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When does Babbling occur?
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6-10 months
production of syllables ex:pa ma ba |
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At what age does a child come to lose sensitivity to distinctions that are irrelevant to his language?
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10-12 months the age when a child begins to speak
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