Psychology As Ocr Research Methods

Front 1

Abstract

Back 1

summary of research - outlines aim, method, hypothesis, participants, results, conclusions

Presented at start

Front 2

Alternate Hypothesis

Back 2

prediction that there will be an effect of IV on DV

or that variables are related in a correlation

Front 3

Appendices

Back 3

end of paper

list of materials, calculations, raw data

Front 4

Biased sample

Back 4

sample not representative of target pop or of people in general

Front 5

Biopsychosocial

Back 5

explains health in terms of psychological, social + physical causes

Front 6

Case study

Back 6

small group of people studied in depth (usually p's are unusual in some way)

Front 7

Castration Complex

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part of Oedipus complex: a boys fear of losing his penis after seeing a naked female for the first time

Front 8

Ceiling effect

Back 8

a point where p's cannot achieve a higher score even if they have the capability to do so

Front 9

Coding frames

Back 9

groups of classifications to show how qualitative data can be turned into quantitative data

Front 10

Classical conditioning

Back 10

people learn to associate two stimuli

Front 11

Concurrent Validity

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test validated against existing measure

Front 12

Conditions

Back 12

situation under which experiment is taken

Front 13

Confidentiality

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to protect privacy by not associating names with responses

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Consent

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ethical requirement

p's agree to take part

Front 15

Construct validity

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study measures actual behaviour it sets out to measure

Front 16

Controlled observation

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controls all factors that may alter behaviour

eliminates extraneous variables

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Counterbalancing

Back 17

to reduce order effects in repeated measures design

systematically changing order of presentation of tasks to p

Front 18

Covert observation

Back 18

p's observed without their knowledge

Front 19

Criterion validity

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How much one measure predicts another

Front 20

Cross-sectional study

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data collected at specific time but from people of diff ages

Snapshot with some benefits of longitudinal

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Normal distribution curve

Back 21

symmetrical bell shaped curve

most scores around midpoint

Front 22

Debrief

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discussion following investigation so p not affected by experiment

Front 23

Deception

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p's tricked into believing study is investigating something other than what it is

Front 24

Deductive

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Primary goal is testing theories.

Theory --> hypothesis --> Observation

Front 25

Demand characteristics

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p's change behaviour as they guess studies aims

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Deterministic

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behaviour determined by factors beyond control

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Discussion

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research paper

What the study discovered, evaluation, alternative explanations, suggestions for improvements

Front 28

Double-blind

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p's ad researcher unaware of p's condition or aims of study

Front 29

Ecological validity

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research is true to life

Front 30

Event sampling

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event recorded each time it happens

Front 31

Experiment

Back 31

test undertaken in controlled conditions to investigate IV's effect on DV

Front 32

External reliability

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extent to which test score varies from one time to another

Front 33

External validity

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research generalised to other settings

Front 34

Extraneous variables

Back 34

undesirable variables that may affect relationship between IV and DV

Front 35

Face validity

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measures what aims to measure and tests what it aims to test

Front 36

falsifiability

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to prove wrong

Front 37

field experiments

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occur in natural settings/ environment to those being studied

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Free will

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acting according to choice

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Frontal lobes

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areas of brain responsible for higher order functions

thinking, planning, forming ideas

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Generalise

Back 40

apply findings to broader population

Front 41

Holistic

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parts of a whole considered interrelated so a whole is more than just a sum of its parts

Front 42

Hypothesis

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research prediction based of theory or observation

Front 43

Independent measures design

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p's randomly allocated to condition

Front 44

Independent variable

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manipulated variable to see affect on DV

Front 45

Individual differences

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variations between people

Front 46

Inductive

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primary goal is generating new theories

Observation --> hypothesis --> theory

Front 47

Internal reliability

Back 47

consistency of results of test across items within a test

Front 48

Internal validity

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extraneous variables controlled

effect of IV on DV measured

Front 49

Inter-rater reliability

Back 49

observers consistently rete/ observe behaviour and are correlated

to avoid subjectivity

Front 50

Interval level data

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data with equal intervals but has no true zero

Front 51

Introduction

Back 51

at beginning of paper

psychological area, where located, focuses of previous research in psychological area

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Laboratory experiment

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in controlled setting

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Level of significance

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level at which null hypothesis rejected

Front 54

Likert scale

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range of answers to select

Front 55

Longitudinal study

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collection of data over a long period of time

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Matched pairs design

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p's allocated to position based of characteristics so both conditions have similar people

Front 57

Measure of central tendency

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calculating central, average, typical scores

Front 58

measure of dispersion

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how speed out the data is

Front 59

Method

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research paper

details for someone to carry out exact procedure in same conditions

Front 60

Naturalistic observation

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carried out in field/ natural setting

Front 61

Nominal level data

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categories of behaviour and how often they occur

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Non- participant observation

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observer not member of group being studied

Front 63

Null hypothesis

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prediction that there will be no effect of IV on DV

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Nurture

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features affected by circumstances

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Objective

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not influenced by personal opinion

Front 66

Oedipus complex

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term developed by freud

incestuous feelings of a son towards his mother and jealousy of his father

Front 67

One tailed hypothesis

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directional

specific effect predicted

Front 68

two tailed hypothesis

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non- directional

effect predicted but not specified

Front 69

Operant conditioning

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behaviour will be repeated if rewarded

Front 70

Operationalised

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concept being investigated made measurable

Front 71

Opportunity sample

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p'selected due to availability

Front 72

Order effects

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order of tasks carried out will affect results

Front 73

ordinal level data

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individual data

shows which p did most or least and shows position of p in group

Front 74

overt observation

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p's aware they are being observed

Front 75

participant observation

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observers part of or pretending to be part of group being observed

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population validity

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how accurately sample represents target population

Front 77

positively skewed curve

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data has more low scores than high

Front 78

predictive validity

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test or research can predict certain behaviors

Front 79

Procedure

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how p's approached, what was said, timings, and what actually happened

Front 80

qualitative data

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data in the form of words

Front 81

quantitative data

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data in the form of numbers

Front 82

Quasi experiment

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IV is naturally occurring

Front 83

Random sample

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everyone form target population has equal chance of being selected

Front 84

Randomisation

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p's allocated condition based on chance

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Rating scales

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set of values allowing feelings to be rated

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Ratio level data

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data with equal intervals and true zero

Front 87

Raw data

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data collected for each participant

Front 88

Reductionist

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behaviour explained by breaking it down into its constituent parts

Front 89

Related design

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each score on experimental condition compared to corresponding score in control condition

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Reliability

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consistency of research or findings

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Repeated measures design

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all p's in all conditions

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Replicable

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research could be repeated by following same procedure

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researcher/ observer effects

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effects on p's that are brought about by researcher's presence

Front 94

results

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research paper

raw data, summaries, statistics

Front 95

Self report

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p's provide data about themselves

Front 96

Semantic differential scale

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rate something between two opposite descriptive words

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Semi-structured interview

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interviewer has list of questions but can ask for clarification

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Single blind

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p's don't know the condition or aims

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Snapshot study

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data collected at specific point in time

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Social desirability bias

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p's try to present image of themselves more positively

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split half method

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measure of reliability

on, then another half of q's tested to ensure same score

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Socially sensitive

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may be social implications for p's or group represented

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standard deviation

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measure of dispersion

square root of variance

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standardisation

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keeping test conditions the same for each p

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structured interview

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same set of q's in same order for each p

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structured observation

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researcher imposes structure to meet aim

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Subjective

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influenced by personal opinions/ feelings

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Systematic bias

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tendency of an experiment to support particular outcomes

Front 109

Test retest method

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testing external reliability

to see if same results if sample retested

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Time event sampling

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fixed period of time is set for observation

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time point sampling

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Observer records what p doing at fixed intervals

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type 1 error

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mistakenly accepting alternate hypothesis when the null hypnosis is correct

Front 113

type 2 error

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mistakenly accepting null hypothesis when alternate is correct

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Unfalsifiable

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imposible to prove wrong

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Unrelated design

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whole experimental condition's scores compared with whole control conditions scores from different group of p's

Front 116

Unstructured interview

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interviewers ask spontaneous q's

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unstructured observation

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researchers continuously record everything that happens

Front 118

Validity

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how accurate a piece of research of test is at measuring what it aims to measure

Front 119

Variance

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measure of dispersion

records how much a set of numbers is spread out from the mean

Front 120

Test for nominal level data and independent design

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Chi squared test

Front 121

Test for nominal level data and repeated measures design

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Binomial Sign test

Front 122

Test for ordinal level data and independent measures design

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Mann-Whitney U test

Front 123

Test for ordinal level data and repeated measures design

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Wilcoxon signed ranks test

Front 124

Test for ordinal level data and correlation

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Spearman's Rho Correlation Coefficient