Psychology And Sociology Section

Front 1

Stages of visual processing

Back 1

retina --> info to optic nerve --> optic nerves cross paths at optic chiasm --> transmit info to thalamus --> info is sent to the primary visual cortex on the occipital lobe

Front 2

long-term potentiation

Back 2

increased likelihood that presynaptic input will trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Front 3

secure attachment

Back 3

between child and caregiver: child feels confident leaving his or her parent to explore the surroundings

healthy

Front 4

insecure attachment

Back 4

dismissive, preoccupied, and unresolved

unhealthy

Front 5

validity of a study

Back 5

represents accuracy

Front 6

statistical significance

p-value

Back 6

p<.05 means the values are significant

p-value: represents the statistical probability that a difference between groups occurred due to chance, rather than reflecting a true value

Front 7

familial aggregation

Back 7

evidence for a genetic basis of disease

Front 8

negative reinforcement

Back 8

promoting a certain behavior by removing an undesirable outcome

Front 9

positive punishment

Back 9

something unpleasant is added to avoid a certain behavior

conditioning a subject to avoid certain behaviors by introducing an undesirable outcome resulting from the behavior

Front 10

pineal gland

Back 10

responsible for the release of melatonin (hormone that regulates sleep) in concordance with the circadian rhythm

Front 11

occipital lobe

Back 11

process visual input

Front 12

cerebellum

Back 12

regulating and coordinating motor activity

Front 13

hippocampus

Back 13

part of the limbic system

performs various functions associated with memory

Front 14

sensitization

Back 14

causes an increase in the elicited behavior

individual becomes more sensitive to a stimulus

Front 15

habituation

Back 15

prolonged or repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a reduced response elicited by the stimulus

hint: becomes a habit

Front 16

flooding

Back 16

form of behavior therapy based on principles of respondent conditioning

i.e. exposure therapy or prolonged exposure therapy

for treatment of phobias, anxiety, and PTSD

Front 17

dispositional attribution

Back 17

when someone's internal qualities are used to explain the cause of a situation or event

hint: disposition refers to personality, which is an inherent quality

Front 18

situational attribution

Back 18

environmental external factors are used to explain the cause of a situation or event

Front 19

fundamental attribution error

Back 19

when a person tends to use dispositional attributions when judging the behaviors of others (esp. if there is not a lot of background info offered)

Front 20

self-serving bias

Back 20

the tendency of people to attribute their successes to internal factors but their failures to external factors

Front 21

race

Back 21

imposed on an individual by society b/c of color of skin or physical appearance

*primarily biological

Front 22

ethnicity

Back 22

closely tied with individual's culture and familial upbringing

*primarily cultural

*can be changed depending on which culture individual associates with during lifetime

Front 23

efferent neurons

Back 23

carry nerve signals from the CNS towards muscles

Front 24

working memory

Back 24

keeps track of multiple pieces of information being used during a task

Front 25

long-term memory

Back 25

stores information over lengthy periods of time

Front 26

episodic memory

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sub-type of long term memory that involves recall of past specific events and experiences

events (times,places), who, what, where, when, and why

collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Front 27

cued memory recall

Back 27

ability to remember information based on cues associated with each piece of information

Front 28

PTSD symptoms

Back 28

exaggerated fight-or-flight response

amnesia related to the triggering event

auditory and visual hallucinations (rare)

reduced ability to maintain concentration

Front 29

stereotype threat

Back 29

when there is a fear of contributing to a stereotype associated with one's group

Front 30

Hawthorne effect

Back 30

where subjects of a study change their behavior and performance based on the nature of the study

they know they're being watched so they adjust accordingly

Front 31

observer-expectany bias

Back 31

a form of bias where data collected from a subject is influenced by the behavior of the study observer

Front 32

social desirability bias

Back 32

bias where participants answer a question based on what is socially acceptable, not necessarily what is true

Front 33

retroactive interference

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when newly learned information interferes with the retrieval of older information

Front 34

proactive interference

Back 34

when older memories block the retrieval of recently formed memories

Front 35

memory construction

Back 35

when new memories get in the way of older memories

i.e. when someone misremembers what they ate for breakfast 2 days ago because they remember what they ate for breakfast that morning as it

Front 36

source-monitoring error

Back 36

when someone recalls a fact but gives the wrong source from where they learned it

i.e. friends tells a person about a news event, but later when that person recollects news event to someone else, they say they learned it from the TV news station

Front 37

Depression

Back 37

most closely associated with serotonin issues

SSRIs are used as main treatment for depression

Front 38

schizophrenia

Back 38

associated with dopamine and glutamate

Front 39

histrionic personality disorder

Back 39

when a person needs to be the center of attention and feels uncomfortable when they are not

lively/sluts

Front 40

salivation

Back 40

rest and digest response