Psychology And Life

Front 1

scientific method

Back 1

orderly steps used to analyze & solve problems

Front 2

Behavior

Back 2

the means by which organisms adjust to environment

Front 3

Goals in Psychology

Back 3

Describe WHAT Behavioral data
Explain outer inner influences
Predict based on the way event are linked
Control behavior

Front 4

Structuralism

Back 4

study of the structure of mind & behavior
Basic elements that make up mental life
Reductionistic,elemental, mentalistic
Wilhelm Wundt, Titchener

Front 5

Functionalism

Back 5

What is function or purpose of behavioral act?
What is the function of the mind as it adapts with the environment
William James, John Dewey

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Psychodynamic

Back 6

Behavior driven by powerful inner forces
instincts, biological drives, internal conflicts
Sigmund Freud

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Behaviorist

Back 7

Seek to understand how environmental stimuli influences behavior
main object: behavior response
John Watson
Skinner

Front 8

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 8

1879 Leipzig first formal laboratory

Front 9

Edward Titchener

Back 9

first laboratory in USA 1892

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William James

Back 10

"The principals of Psychology"

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G Stanely Hall

Back 11

founded American Psychological Association (APA)

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Max Wertheimer

Back 12

"gestalt" theorie-focus on way mind understands expiriences

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John Dewey

Back 13

founder of the school of functionalism

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Margaret Washburn

Back 14

1894 first female to earn her PhD in Psychology

Front 15

Humanistic Perspective

Back 15

disagree with theory that humans are controlled by drives or environment
Humans are initially good and have choice
Main task: strive for growth and develop potential

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Carl Rogers

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Humanistic
Individuals have natural tendency toward psychological growth and health

Front 17

Abraham Maslow

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"self-actualization" individuals drive toward the fullest development of their potential

Front 18

Cognitive perspective

Back 18

Most interested in human thought and all processes of knowing, attending, thinking, remembering, understanding
subjective reality more important than objective

Front 19

Biological perspective

Back 19

explains behavior in terms of genes, brain, nervous system, endocrine system
Behavior originates from biological forces, environment& experience can modify it

Front 20

behavioral neuroscience

Back 20

attempts to understand the brain processes
sensation, learning, emotion

Front 21

cognitive neuroscience

Back 21

Multidisciplinary focus on the brain bases of higher cognitive function
memory, language

Front 22

Evolutionary perspective

Back 22

Extends idea of natural selection to explain how mental processes evolved
Natural selection-fittest survive

Front 23

Sociocultural perspective

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study cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior
Understand how cultural group differ on standard measures of mental processes
Principal in 1 do not always apply to next

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Charles Darwin

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"the origin of species"
Natural Selection
Survival of the fittest

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Genotype

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Genetic structure

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Phenotype

Back 26

Physical/Observable characteristic

Front 27

Study of Genetics

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Study of heredity-inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors
Chromosomes 46 23mom 23dad

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Gregor Mendel

Back 28

earliest research exploring relationship between parent and child (wrinkled and round peas)

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Brain Stem

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1 out of three Brain structures
Regulates internal states of the body

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Medulla

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Brain Stem
controls basic processes
breathing, heart rate, digestion, other reflexes

Front 31

Pons

Back 31

Brain Stem
helps provide movement of the body
maintain balance

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Reticular formation

Back 32

Brain Stem
keeps brain alert even in sleep

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Thalamus

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Brain Stem
Relay station in brain
processes most info to and from higher brain centers

Front 34

Cerebellum

Back 34

Brain Stem
deals with coordinated rapid voluntary movements eg. playing piano, throwing, kicking
Damage causes jerky, exaggerated movements

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Limbic System

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1 out of three Brain structures
mediates motivated behaviors, emotional states, and memory processes, also controls body temp blood pressure/sugar

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hypocampus

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Limbic System
important for acquiring new memories

Front 37

amygdala

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emotional control formation of emotional memories
reads emotional significance of input

Front 38

Hypothalamus

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regulates psychological processes in motivated behavior
eating, drinking, temp regulation, sexual arousal, sleep, water/salt balance, role in hormone secretion
brings body into homeostasis balance

Front 39

Cerebrum

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1 out of three Brainstructures
2/3 of brain
regulates brain higher cognitive emotional functions

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Cerebral cortex

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Cerebrum
outer surface of cerebrum

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Cerebral hemesperes

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Cerebrum
2 almost symmetrical halves of brain

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Corpus callosum

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Cerebrum
connection between 2 halves
thick mass of nerve fibers
send message back and forth

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Frontal lobe

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Cerebrum
motor control
cognitive activities-planning making decisions, goals, speaking
motor cortex-actions of body's voluntary muscles are controlled here

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parietal lobe

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Cerebrum
responsible for sensation of touch, pain, temp
somatosensory-processes info about temp, touch, body position, pain

Front 45

occipital lobe

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Cerebrum
receive visual info
visual cortex

Front 46

temporal lobe

Back 46

Cerebrum
responsible for the processes of hearing
auditory cortex

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Nervous system

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composed of billions of nerve cells (neurons)

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Central Nervous System

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neurons in brain and in spinal cord
integrates&coordinates all bodily functions
relies on PNS for message

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Peripheral Nervous System

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composed of 2 sets of nerve fibers
autonomic
somatic

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autonomic Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System
regulates bodily functions you don't control: digestion arousal

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somatic Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System
regulates actions of skeletal muscels

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autonomic Nervous System division

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Peripheral Nervous System
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division

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sympathetic division

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trouble shooter in emergency
arouses brain...

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Parasympathetic division

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carries out body's nonemergency housekeeping chores

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Neurons

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building blocks for N.S.
3 types

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Sensory neurons

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receive input from sensory organs and take it to brain and spinal cord

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Motor neurons

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output from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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Interneurons

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carry info between other neurons found only in brain and in spinal cord

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Endorphins

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Morphine within
natural opiate
linked to pain control and pleasure

Front 60

Non conscious process

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Activities that rarely, if ever, impinge on consciousness
blood pressure, nervous system

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Preconscious memories

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can be called into consciousness when necessary

Front 62

unattended information

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info that surrounds us daily
-don't focus on it
-name mentioned hear and pick it up

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the unconscious

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info that is not focus of your attention
-Freud theory concerning repressed unacceptable ideas
-process that occurs under the level of consciousness that still affects behavior

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Studying the contents of consciousness

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-think aloud used to document mental strategies
-devices signal when individual should provide report about feelings and thoughts

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Restrict Input-selective attention

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function of Consciousness
ability to tune out info that is irrelevant to immediate goals

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selective storge

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function of Consciousness
allows you to remember things you want to analyze/interpret/act on later

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Personal construction of reality

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function of Consciousness
unique interpretation of a situation based on your general knowledge, memories, needs, values

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Sense of self

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function of Consciousness
the longer we maintain our personal construction the stronger our sense of self is

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Cultural construction of reality

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function of Consciousness
ways of thinking about the world that are shared by most members of a particular group of people

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Circadian Rhythm

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internal clock-arousal level, metabolism, heart rate, body temp,
regulates bodily rhythms on 24h cycle-Jet lag messes w/it

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Sleep Cycle

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EEG records brain wave activities

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REM

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rapid eye movement
vivid dreams
recurring sleep stage
as infant establishes pathway between nerves&muscles
restore balance in brain
maintain mood, emotions, memories

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Non-Rem

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Stage1 brain waves 3-7 theta waves
Stage2 sleep spindles bursts 12-16
Stage3&4 deep state of relaxed sleep 1-2
1-4 90min REM 10 min cycle repeats
Conservation&Restoration

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Insomnia

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Sleep disorder
dissatisfaction w/ amount of sleep-inability to go to sleep/awaken early
48% adults
reasons: stress

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narcolepsy

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Sleep disorder
fall asleep at random times of day
1 in 2000

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sleep apnea

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Sleep disorder
stop breathing when asleep
usually males
2% of adults

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somnabulism

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sleep walking
7% kids
2% adults

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daytime sleepiness

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result of sleep dissorder

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Hallucinations

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altered state of reality
-drugs
-mental disorder
-people coming off of drugs
-sick people
-old age
-sleep loss

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Mind altering drugs

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chemical substance that alters mood perseptions

Front 81

hallucinogens/psychedelics

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distort perceptions of environment
LSD
PCD
ecstasy
Cannabis/hashish/marijuana

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depressants

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slows down body and reaction time
GHB
alcohol
heroine
morphine
barbiturates

Front 83

stimulants

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speed system up
speed
nicotine
cocaine
coffeine

Front 84

Skinner

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radical behaviorism
behavior caused by external stimuli no by thinking or imagining
learn by association

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Associative learning

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Skinner
learning that 2 events occur together

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Classical Conditioning

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Skinner
come to associate 2 stimuli
one event predicts the occurrence of another event

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Reflex

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Pavlov
unlearned response

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Unconditioned response

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Unlearned natural response to unconditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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Stimulus that automatically/naturally triggers a response

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Conditioned stimulus

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originally irrelevant stimulus, after association triggers a conditioned response

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Conditioned response

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learned response to a previously neutral object

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reinforcement contingency

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relationship between response and changes in the environment that is procduced

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positive reinforcement

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behavior followed by delivery of an appetitive stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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behavior followed by removal of an appetitive stimulus

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Fixed Ratio Schedules

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reinforces a response only after a specified # of responses
faster respond-more rewards
-higher rate of responding

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Variable Ratio

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reinforces response after an unpredictable # of responses
-gambling, fishing

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Fixed Interval

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reinforces response at a predictable time

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Variable Interval

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reinforces a response at an unpredictable time

Front 99

Albert Bandura

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Bobo doll experiment
kids watched grownups hitting doll
their response the same

Front 100

John Watson

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"little Albert" fear of furry animals