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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is anxiety?
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an emotional state characterized by physiolological arousal, unpleasant feelings of tension, and a sense of apprehension or forboding
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what is anxiety disorder
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a class of psychological disorders characterized by excessive or maladpative reactions
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what are the physical features of anxiety diroders?
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may include jumpiness, jitteriness, trembling or shaking, tightness in tehpit of the stomach or chest
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what is a panic disorder?
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a type of axiety disorder characterized by repeated episodes of intense anxiety or panic
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People who experience a panic attack often think that they are having a heart attack. T OR F
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True
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what is agoraphobia?
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excessive, irrational fear of open or public spaces
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what is hypervetlilation
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rapid breathing that happens during anxiety attacks
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what is suffocation false alarm theory
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a defect in the brain's respiratory alarm system triggers a false alarm in response to minor cues of suffoication
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what is gamma-aminobutric acid
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it is an inhibitory nuerotransmitter
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what is an inhibitory nuerotransmitter,
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means that it tones down excess activity in the nervous system and hekps quell stress repsones
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what are benzodiazepines
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include well known Valium and Xanax, specifically work on the GABA receptors, makign them more sensitive and therby enchaing th the calming effects
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what is sodium lactate
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a chemical that causes a bogily change
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what is anxiety sensitivity
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fear or fear, determiningin the pronesess to anxiety disorders, expecially panic disorder
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what are antidepressant drugs
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used to treat depression such as antianxiety affects and antipanic affects
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what are some antidepressants that serve panic disorder
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imipramine (Tofranil)
clomipramine (brand name Anafranil) Sertaline (Zolloft) |
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The same drugs used to treat schizophrenia are also used to control panic attacks.
True or False |
false
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what is breathing retainining?
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a technique that aims at restoring a normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood by having clients breathe slowly and deeply into their abdomen, avoiding the shalllow, rapid breathing that leads to breathing off too much carbon dioxide.
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what is a phobia?
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an excessive irrational fear
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what is a specific phobia?
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a phobia that is speciic to a particular oject or situation
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what is a social phobia?
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excessive fear of social interactions or situations
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Consistent with the _______________ shyness may represent a disthesis or predisposition that makes one more vulnerable to develop social pphobia in the fact of stressful experiences, such as trraumatic social encounters
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diathesis stress model
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Some people are so fearful of leaving their homes that they are unable to venutre outside even to mail a letter.
true or false |
true
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what is projection?
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For instance, a fear of knives or other sharp insutremnets may represent the projection of one's oen destructive impules onto the phonic object
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what is the two factor model?
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a theorietical model that accounts for the development of phobic reactions on the basis of classical and operant conditionaing
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what is negative reinforcement?
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part of operant conditioing that helps fix phobias
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Relief from anxiety ________________ the avoidance of the stimuli, which thus serves to strenth the avoidnace response.
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negatively reingocres
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_______________ is the weaking of the conditioned repsone
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extinction
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Individuals with a particular form of gene showed greater nueroal activity in repsone to fearful stimulat in the......., an almond shapred structure in the limbic system of the brain.
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amygdala
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This belief in biological predisposition to acuire fears of certain types f obects or situations, called........, suggests that evolution favored the survival of human ancestors who were genetically predisposed to develop fears of potentially threatneing objects,s uch as large animals, snakes,s pideser
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prepared conditioning
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what are three things that leads to the proneness of phobias?
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oversentiity to threatening cues
overpreditction to anger self-deafearing thoughts and irrational beliefs |
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We may be genetically predisoposed to acuiqure fears of objects that posed danger of ancestral humans.
True or False |
True
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What is systemactc desneisitation
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a behavior therapy technique for overcoming phobias by means of exposure to progressively more fearful stimuli while remaining deeply relaxed
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what is fear-stimulus hierarchy?
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an order series of increasingly fearful stimuli
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what is gradual exposure
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in behavior therapy, a method of overcoming feears through a stepwise process of exposure to increasingly fearful stimuli in imaginiation or in real life situations
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what is imaginal exposure
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imaginiming the fearful situation
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what is in vivo exposure
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actual ecnounters with phobic stimuli in real life
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what is flooding?
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a beavhoir therapy technique for overcoming fears by means of exposure to hgih levels of fear-inducing stimuli
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what is vitual realtiy tehrapy
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a behavior of therapy techinque that uses computerized generated stimulated environments as theraputic tools
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Therapists have used virutal reality to help people overcome phobias.
True or false |
true
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what is cognitive restructiing
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a cognitive therapy method the involves replacing irrational thoughts with rational alternatiove
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what is OCD?
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a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obessioons, compulsions, or both.
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what is obession
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a recurring thought ot image that the idividual cannot control
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what is compulsion
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a repetitive or ritualizestic behavior that the peroson feels compelled to perform
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Obesseional thinking helps relieve anxiety.
true or false |
false
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what is glutamate?
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a nuerotransmitter in the brian that is implicated in OCD
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what is a worry circuit?
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which normalyl signals dnger and that becomes active during states of worry
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what is generalized anciety disorder
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a type of anxiety disorder characterized by general feelings of dread and forboding and heightened states of bodily arousal
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what is acute stress disoder?
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a traumatic stress reaction occring during the month following expoousre to a traumatic event
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what is posttraumatic stress disorder?
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a prolonged maladpative reaction to traumatic stress
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what are the five features of traumatic stress disoder?
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avoidance behavior
reexperiencing the trauma impaired functioning heightened arousal emtional numbing |
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explain avoidance behavior
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people may avoid cues or istuations associated with trauam. A rape survior will avoid traveling to the twon where she was attacked. A combat veteran will avoid reunions with soldiers or watching movies or feature stories about war or combat
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eplain reexperiencing the trauma
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the trauma may be reexperienced in the form of intruesive memories, recurrent, distrubign dreams, even momentary flashbacks of feeling like one is again on the battlefield or being pursued by the attacked
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explain impaire dfunctioning
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PTSD is often associated with psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, or alcohol, or substance abuse that can make it difficult for the eprson to function effectively in meeting daily responsilbilities
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explain heightened arousal
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PTSD patients may be unsually tense or felel "on edge" or "keyed up" much of the time. They may become hypervigilant, and may complain of distubred sleep, irrability, ect.
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explain exmotional numbing
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people with PSTD may feel "numb" inside and lose the ability to enjoy activities they formerly took plasure in or have loving feelings
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what is eye movement desentitization and reprocessing
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a controversial form of therapy for PTSD that involves eye trackigng of a visual targer while holding inmages of traumatic experinece in mind
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what are mood disorders?
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psychological disrder characterized by distubrances of mood
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Feeling sad or depressed is abnormal
true or false |
false
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what is major depressive disorder
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a severe mood disorder characterized by major depressive episodes
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what is mania?
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a state of unusal elation, energy and activity
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what is hypomania
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a relatively mild state of mania
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The econmomic toll of presseion is about half that of heart diease and diabetes
true or false |
false
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Most people who expereince a major depressive episde never have another one.
t or f |
false
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what is seasonal affective disorder?
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SAD is not a diagnostic caateogy it ints own right in the DSM-IV, but is a specificer or subcategory of a mood disorder involving major dperssion
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The bleak light of winter casts some people into a dianosable state of depression
t or f |
true
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what is postpartum depression
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persistent and severe mood chagnes that occur after childbirth
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what is postpartum psychosis?
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usually involvee manic episodes of bipolar disoder rather than schizophernia or another form of pschotic disoder
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what is dsthymic disorder
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dervicesf rom Greek dys-, meaning "bad" or "hard" and thymore meaning "spirit"
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what is double derprssion
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applies to those who have a major depressive epsiode superuimpres on a longer-standing dysthymic disorder
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what is bipolar disoder
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a psychological disorder characterized by mood swings between states of extrem elation and dperession
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explain Bipolar I disorder
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involves extreme mood swings between maia and depression interveining periods of normal mood. However, some cases present with no history of major dperssive episodes. In such cases, however, we assume that major depression may either have been overlooked in the past or will develop in the futre
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explain Bipolar II disoder
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involves less severe forms of mania, but more frequent major depressive disorders
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what is hypomanic episode?
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a mild form of mania
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what is a manic episode
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a period of unrealistically heathened euphoria, extreme restlessness, excessive activity characterized by disorganized behavior and impaired judgement
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what is a rapid flight of ideas.
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People in a manic eopisode speak very reapidly leading to this
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what is cyclothymic disorder?
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a mood siroder characterized by a chronic pattern of less-severe mood wings than are foun in bipolar disorder
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One model called the ------------- considers how people allocate their attentional processess after loss, such as the death of a loved one or a personal faiilutre or significant disappointment
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self-focusing model
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what is reciprocal interaction?
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People's beavior influences and, in turn, is influenced by the behavior of others
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What is cognitive triad of depression
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the view that depression dervies from adopting negative views of oneself, the environment or world at large, and the future
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What are some ways of thinking thatead to cognitive distortions
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all-or-nothing thinking
overgernalization mental filter disqualifitying the positive jumping to conclusions magnification and minimization emotional reasoning "should" statemnts labeling and mislabeing persoanlization |
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what is catatrpphozining
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regers to the tendency to make mountains out of molehills
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what is muterbation?
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the lable given this fomr of thinking (should statements) by Albert Ellis
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what is persolaiization
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assuming that one is repsoibile for other's problems and behavior
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what is cognitive specificity hypothesis
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the belief that different emotional disorder are linked to particular kinds of automatic thoughts
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what is learned helplessness
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a behavior pattern characterized by passitivty and perceptions of lack of control
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what is attibutional style?
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a personal sytle of explation. When disappointments or failures occue, we may explaint hem in various cahracteristic ways
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what is prefrontal crotex?
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Brain imaging studes show lower matbolic activity in the prefrontal cortex of cincially depressed people as compared to healthy controls
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what is interpersonal psychotherapy
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a relatively breif form of therapy that focuses on te cleints' current interpseosnal relationships
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-------- produced higher rates of remission in treating sverely depressed patients in one reent study than did alternative forms of treatment
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behavioral activiation
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what is cognitive therpay
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focuses on helping people with depression learn to recongize tnad corretct their syfucntional thinking patterns
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what are the three major classes of antidepressants?
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tricuclic antimdepressants
monoamine oxidase inhibitors selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors |
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The ancient Greeks and Romans used chemical to curb turbulent mood swings that is till used today
true or false |
true
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Placing a powerful electomagnet on the scalp can help relieve depression
true or false |
true
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what is anomie
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who feel lost, wihtou identity, rootless--are more likely to commit sucide
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Poeple who threaten suicide are basically attention seekeers
t or f |
false
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Heroin accounts for more deaths than any other drug.
true or false |
false
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what are substance-induced disoders?
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disoders, such as intoxication, that can be induceed by using psychoactive substances
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what is intoxication
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a state of drunkennes
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what is substance use disorders
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disorders characteerized by maladaptive use if psychoactive substances
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what is substance abuse
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the continued use of a psychoactive drug despite the knowledge that it is cuasing a social, occupational, psychoological, or psyhical problem
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what is substance dependence?
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impaired control over the use of a psychoactive substance; often characterized by pyshicological dependence
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what are deliriym tremens?
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DT,s uusally limited to chronic heavy users of alcohol who dramatically lower their intake of alcohol after many years of heavy drinking. DTs involve instense autonomic hypetactiivity and delirium
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what is delirium?
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a state of mental confusion characterized by incoherent sppech, disorientation, and extreme restlessnes
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what is tolerance?
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physcial habituation to a drug such that with frequent use, higehr doese are needed to achive the same effects
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what is withdrawl syndrome?
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a characterisitic cluster of symptoms following the sudden refuction or cessation of use of psychoactive substance after physiological dependence has devleoped
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The SDM uses the terms --------- as categories of substance use disders. It is not temred addiction
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substance abuse and substance problems
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what is addiction?
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an impaired control over the use of a chemical substance, accompanied by physiological dependence
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what is pysiological dependence
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a confition in which the drug user's body comes to depend on a steady supply of substance
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what is psychological dependence
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compulsive use of a substance to meet a psycholoical need
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You cannot be psycholigcally dependent on a drug without alo being physically depdendent on it.
true or false |
false
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what is a depressant?
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a drug that lowers the lower activity o the central nevous system
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waht is alcoholism?
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an alochol depsnence disoder or addiction that results in serious persona, social, occupational, or health problems
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Most teenagers and young adults die from alcoholism related moter vehicle accidents than from any other cause
true or false |
true
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what is cirrhosis?
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a degenerative, potentially fatal disease, s nearly twice as high in African Americans as in non-Hispanic white americans
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It is safe to let somone who has passed out from drinnking to just "sleep it off".
t or f |
false.
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what is aloholic hepatitus
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a serious and potentially fatal disease in which healthy
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what is cirrhosis of the liver?
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a potentially fatal disease which healthy live cells are repeace with scare tissue
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what is alcohol-induced persistening amnestic disoder?
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connected with vitamin B defincency
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what s Korsakoff's syndrome
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characterized by glaring confusion, disorientation, and memory loss from recent events
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what is fetal alcohol sydrome
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syndropm characterized by facial featues such as a flattened nose, widely spaced eyes, and underdeveloped jaw, as well as mental retardation
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Even moderate use of alochol increases the risk of heart attacks
t or f |
false
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what are narcotics
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drugs that are used medically for pain relief but that have stron addictive potential
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what is analgesia
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the major medical application of opioids--natural or synthetic--is the relief of pain, or analgesia
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what are endorphins?
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natural substances that fucntion as nuerotransmitters in the rbain and are simmiliar in their effects to morphine
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what is morphine
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a strongly addicitve narcotic dervied from opum poppy that relieces paina nd induces feelings of weel being
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what is heroin
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a narcotic derived from morphine that has strong addictive properties
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what are stimulants
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psychoactive substance that increase the activity of the nervous system
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what are amphetamins
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a class of stimulats that activate the central nervous sytstem, producing heighteid states of arousal and feelings of pleasrue
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what is amphetamine psychosis
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a psyhotic state induced by ingestion of amphetamines
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what is cocaine?
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a stimultant derived from the leaves of the coca plant
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what is freebasing?
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intensifies tha effects of cocaine.
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what is crack
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the hardened, smoakable form of cocaine
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Coca-cola orignalyl contained cocaine
true or false |
true
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Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths amont US women
t or f |
false
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what are halucingoens?
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substances that cause hallucinations
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what are psychedelics?
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a class of drugs that produce sensry distoritions of hallucnitations, inncluding major altercations in color perception and hearing
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what are flashbacks?
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typically inovolving a reexperiencing of some of the perceptual distortions of the "trip", may occur days, weks, or even years afterwards
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what is mariuana
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a hallunicgeinic drug derived from the leaves and stems of the plant cannabis sativa
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Although tolerance to many drugs effects amy occur with cronic use, some users report reverse tolerance, or...
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sensitization
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Use of drug increase the availability of nuerotranmsitters norepinphrine and dopamine by interifering with the process by which excess moleculres of these chemical areas reabosred by the treansmittering nueron through a process called...
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reuptake
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People who can "hold their liquor" better than most stand a lower risk of becoming probelm drinkers.
true or false |
false
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what are cue exporsure training?
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the person is seate din fron of alcohol related cues, such as pen alochol beavagers, but preveneted form imiding
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what are self efficacy expercations?
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personal expectatices we hould about our ability to sucessfully perfom takes
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what is absolutist thinking
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when we insist on seeing the world in black and white rather then in shaes od gray
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what is oral dpedence personality?
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psychodynamic theory also associates excessive alaochol use with other oral trais, such as dependnce and dpepression, tracea the origins of these traits too fixiation in oral state of psycholsexual development.
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The narrow focus results in poorer treeatment outcomes, iuncluding more frequent rehospitalization among those with...
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dual diagnosis
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what is detoxification
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the process of ridding the sytem of alcohol or other drugs under supervised conditions
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what is disulfiriam?
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itdiscourages alcohol conpsumption because the combitionation of the two produces a violent repsone consisting of naureas, ect.
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what is methadone?
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an atricfical narcotic that is used to help epopel who are addicted to heroin to abstain from it wihtout withdrawl syndrome
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A widely used treatment for herin addiction involved subsitituing another addictive drug
true or false |
true
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what is naltrexone?
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a drug taht blocks the high from alcholo as well as from opiates
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what are are culturally sensitve treatment programs?
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adrress oall factes of teh hhuman being, including racial and cultural idenit, that nurutre pride and help people resist the temptation to cope with chemicals
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what is contingency managament?
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programs provide reinforcesment contingent on performing desirable behaviors such as producing drug-negative urine samples
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what is aversive conditioning?
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painful or averisve stimuli paired with substance acbuse or abues related stilumili to condiation a negativae emotional response to drug-related stimuli
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what is controlled drinking?
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to ahve a drink or two without necessarily falling of the wage
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what is relapse precention training?
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the training is degined to help substance abusers identigy
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what is comorbity?
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coooccurance
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what is anorexia nervouse?
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an eating disorder characterized by maintenance of an abnormally low body weight, a distorted body image, intense fears of gaining weight, and in hemales, amenorrheada
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what is bulimia nervouse?
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an eating disoder characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by self-induced purging, accompanised by overconcern with body wieght and shape
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what is an eating disorder?
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a psychological disoder characterized b disturbed patterns of eating and malapative ways of controlling body weight
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Although others see themselves as extremely thin, young women with anorexia nervousa still see themselves as too far.
True or False |
True
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what do the eating/purging types with the diease do?
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tend to have problems relating to impulse control, which in addition to binge eating episodes may involve substance abuse or stealsing
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what does the restrictive type do
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tend to be ridigly, even obessively, control their diet and ppearance
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what is the body mass index?
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a standard mesaure of overwieght and obesity that takes both body wiehgt and height into account
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Dieting is an abnormal eating pattern among American women.
t or f |
false
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Bulimic women induce vomitinig only after binging
t or f |
false
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Drugs used to treat depression may also help curb eating in bulimic women
t or f |
true
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To elimate self induced vomiting, therapists ma use the behavioral tehcnique of......... which was developed for treatment of people with obesseive compulsive disoder
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exposure with repsonse prevention
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what is binge eating disorder?
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a disorder chearacterized by recureent eating binges witohout purging, classified as potnetiional disorder requiring furhter study
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what is obesity
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a condition of excess body fat: geneally dfeined by a BMI of 30 or higher
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Obesity is one of the most comon psychological disorders in the US.
t or f |
false
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what is a sleep disoder
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persistent or recurrent sleep related problems that cuase distress or impaired functioning
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what are dyssominas
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sleep disorders involving disturbances in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
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what is insomia
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difficulties falling alsseep. remaining alssp, or achieveing restoriactive sleep
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what is primary insomnia
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a sleep disorder characterized by chronic or persistent insomnia not cause by another psycholigcal or phsycial disoeder by the effects of drugs or medicatiions
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what is hypersomnia
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a pattern of excessive sleepiness during the day
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what is narcolepsy
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a sleep disoder characterized by sudden, irresttible episodes of sleep
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what is cataplexy
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a sudden loss of muscle control
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what is sleep paralysis
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a temporary state following awakening in which the person feels incapable of moving or talking
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what is hypnagogic hallucinations
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which occur just before the onset of sleep and te nd to involve visual, auditory, tactile and kinethstiec sensations
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what are breathing related sleep disoder?
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a sleep disorder in which sleep is repeadedly disrupted by difficulting with breathing normally
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what is obstrcutive sleep apena?
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involves repetaed episodes of eitehr cmplte or partial obstrcution of breathing during sleep
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what is circandian thythm sleep disoder?
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a sleepp disorder characterized by a mismatch betwen the body's normal sleep-wake cycle and the deamns of the environment
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what are parasomnias
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sleep disorders involving abnormal behaviors or pshyogical events that occur during sleep or while falling alsppe
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what are nightmare disorders
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a sleep disorder characterized by recurrent awakening s due to drightiening nightmares
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what are sleep terrors?
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more intense thatn normal nightmares
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what are sleep terror disorder?
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a sleep disoder characterized by recenurrent epidosdes of sleep terror resulting in abrupt awaenings
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what is sleepwalking disorder
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a sleep disoder involving repeated episodes of sleepwalking
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what is stimulus control
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involves changing the envioronment associated with sleeping.
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what is rational restructuring
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involves substituting rational alternatives for self-defeating, maladpative thoutths or beliefsM
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Many behvaior patterns considered for children would be conidered abnormal for adults
true or false |
true
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The most comonly diagnosed psycholgical disoder in oung people age 6 to 17 is attnetion deficit hyperactivity disorder.
t or f |
false
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what is externalized probelms
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problems ivolving acting out or agressive behaivor
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Children who have ------------ such as anxiety and spression, are at higher risk of going untrated than children with externalized problems
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internalized
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what is pervausive developmental disorders
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a cass of developmenteal disorders characterized by significantly impiared behavior or functioning in myltiple areas of development
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what is autism
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a pervasive developmental disoder characterized by failure to relate to others, alck of speech, distruebed motor behvaiors, and demands for sanmesness in teh environment
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what is pervasive developmental disoders
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a class of developmental disorders characatized by signiicanly impaired bheavior or functioning in multiple areas of evelopment
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what is Asperger's disorder
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a pervasive develomental disoder characterized by social deficits and stereotypes behvavhior but without the significant language or cognitve deays associated with autism
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what is Rett's disorder?
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a pervaicseve developmental disoorfer characterized by a range o phyisical, beahvioral, motor, or cognitive abnoralities that begin after few months of apparently nroaml devleoment
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what is childrhood disintegrative disorder
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a pervaisve developmental disorder involving loss of previously acuqired skills and abnormal functioning or nomral development
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According to the US centers for disease control and prevention, about 1 in 150 children in the US are affected by ......
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autism spectrum disorders
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They may also throw dsudden tanrms or panics. Another feature of autism in aversion to environmental changes---a fetaure termed....
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preservation of sameness
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what is mental retardation
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a generalized delay or impairment in the devlopment of intellectural and adaptive abilities
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what is Down Syndrome
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a condition caused by the presnce of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair and characteried by mental retardation and various physical anomalies
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what is klinefelter's synfrome
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which only occues amount males is charcacterized by the presnec of an extra X chromosome
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what is turner's syndrome
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found only among females is characterized b the presnce of a single X sex chromosome instead of the two
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what is fragile X syndrome
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an inherited form of mental retardation caused by a mutated gene of the X chrom
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what is phenylektornuis
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a gentic disorder that precents the metabolizaton of phyenylyurive acid, leading to mental retardation unless the diet is strcitly controlled.
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what is cultura familial retadation
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a mild form of mental retardation that is influenced by impoverishment of the home environment
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what is dyslexia
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a learning disorder characterized by impaired reading ability
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what is learning disorder?
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a deficiency in a specific learning ability in the context of normal intelligence and exposure to learning oppurtunities
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A former vice president of the US had such difficult with aritimetic that he could never balance a checkbook.
t or f |
false
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what are communication disorders?
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a class of psychological disorders characterized by difficulties in understanidng or usin languages
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what is expressive language?
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a communication disorder that is a persistent impairment in the use of spoken laguage
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what is mixed receptive/expressive langauge?
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a communication disorder that refers to difficultues both understandint and producing speech
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what is phonological disorder?
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a persistent diffculty articutating the sounds of speech in teh asbsense of defects in the oral speech mechanisma or nuerological impaitement
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what is stuttering
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a distburnace in teh ability to speak fluetnly with appr. timing of speech sounds
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what is Attention deficit hyperactivity disoder
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a behavoir disoder characterized by an excessive morota actiity and inability to focus one's attention
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what is hyepractiviyt
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an abonroal behavior pattern characterized by difficulty in mainting attention and extreme restlessness
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Women who smoke during pregnancy increase the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity in their offspring.
t or f |
true
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children who are hyperfactive are often given depresseant to help calm them down
t or f |
false
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what is conduct disoder?
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a psychological disoder in childhood and adolescnece characterized by disruptive, antisocial behavior
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what is oppositional defiant disorder?
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a psycholoigical disoder in childrhood and adolescent characterized by excessive oppostionality aor tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others
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what is separation axniety disorder
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a childrhood disorder characterized by extremem fear of separtaioton from parents or other caretakers
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Difficulties at school, problem behaviors, and phsyical complaints may actually be signs of depression in children
t or f |
true
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Suicide is unfortunately quite common among tung teens around teh time of puberty
t or f |
false
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what is enuresis
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failrure to control unrination after one has reached expectable age for attaing such a control
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Principles of classical conditioning can be applied to treat bed-wetting in children.
t or f |
true
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what is encopresis?
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lack of control over bowel movement that is not causes by an organic problem in a child who is at elat 4 years old
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