Psychology

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Psychological Disorders

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Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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Medical Model

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The concept that diseases have phyical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy

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Biopsychosocial Model

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Today's psychology studies how biological psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders

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DSM-IV

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the american psychiatric associations diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision"

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Critics of the DSM-IV

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argue that diagnostic labels can stigmatize a person by biasing others interpretations and perceptions of past and present behaviors and by affecting the ways people react to the labeled person. The benefits of disgnostic labels are that they establish a common voacublary for mental health professionals giving therapy, and for researchers working on causes and treatments of disorders.

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Anxiety Disorder

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psychological disorders chacerterized by distressing, persistent anxiety pr maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety overall.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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Panic Disorder

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Marked by unpredictable minute long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chocking, pr other frightening sensations

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a.)Phobias
b.) Social Phobias

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a.)An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear amd avoidance of a specific object or situations.
b.) An intense fear of being scrutinized by others

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, insomnia, that lingers for weeks more more after a tramatic experience.

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Dissociative Disorders

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Disorder in which conscious awarness becomes separated from pervious memories, thoughts, and feelings.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

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A rare disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities-multiple personality disorder

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Personality Disorders:

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characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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Three Cluster Exhibits Include:

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Histrianic personality disorder, Narcissistic Personality, and Border line personality disorder.

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Anti-Social Personality Disoder

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the person exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoing, even towards friends and familty members. a brain scan will show the minds of each disorder a person has.

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Schizophrenia Disorders

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Brain disorder making one think differently

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Mood Disorder

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Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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Major Depressive Disorder

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A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Dysthmyic Disorder

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a down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day nearly everyday for 2 or more years

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Bi-polar disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited satte of mania

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Lewinsohns theory of depression

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the acceptance theory of depression must account for many behavioral and cognitive changes that acompany depression, its widespread occurance, womens greater susceptability to the disorder, tendency of depressive episodes to self-terminate, the link b/t stressful events and the onset of depression, and the link b/t stressful events, and the increase rates and earlier age of onset of depression

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Biological Persepctive on Depression

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focusses on genetic influences and on abnormalities in the brain structure and function. Finding indicates that a predisposition to depression does run in some families, that the neurotransmitters noreohinephrine and serotonin are scarce during depression,activity in left frontal love is slowed, and stress related to damage to the hippocampus, and increase the risk of depression

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Risk of Suicide

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Greater risk when energy returns as depression begins to lift

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Social Cognitive Perspective

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Stresses the power of self defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles that view bad events as stable global, and internally caused. The cycle of depression consists of (1.)negative stressful events(2.) interpreted through a pessimistic explanatory style, creating a hopeless depressed state which (4.) hampers the way the person thinks, acts fueling more negative stressful events. such as rejection

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Follow-up research

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found that students who exhibit optimism as they begin college development more social support which contributes to a lower risk of depression

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Ways of thinking that lead to depression

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Stable, Global. and internal thinking

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Ways of thinking that can lead to sucessful coping

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Temporary, Specific,a nd External

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Schizophrenia

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a group of disorders that typically strike during late adolescence, affect men very slightly more than women and seem to occur in all cultures

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Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Diagnosed and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Delusions are false beliefs, half hallucinations amd sensory experiences w/o sensory stimulation

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The subtypes of Schizophrenia are:

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Paranoia- preoccupied w/ delusions or hallucinnations, often of persecution or gradiosity (disorganzied) speech or behavior, or flat affect or inappropriate emotions(catatonic) immobility, extreme negativism, and or parrot like repetition of authors speech or movements(undifferentiated) varied syptoms, and (residual) withdrawl following hallucinations and delusion

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Chronic Schizophrenia

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emerges gradually, is often assocaiated with negative syptoms, and carries a low chance or recovery.

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Acute Schizophrenia

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Develops rapidly in a previously well-adjusted person, maybe associated w/ possitive syptoms, and carries a greater chance of recovery

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People With Schizophrenia

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increased receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine, which may intensify the possitive syptoms of schizophrenia

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Brain abnormalities

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enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Brain scans reveal in the frontal lobes, thalamus and amygdala. Malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections apparently interact to prodcue the syptoms of schizophrenia.

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Genetic Contribution

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The odd's of developing schizophrenia are approx. 1 in 100 in the general population, and adopted childs chances of developing the disorder are greater if the biological parents have it. Some psychological factors: birth complications, separation from parents, short attention span and poor muscle coordination, disruptive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, and poor peer relations and solo play

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Free Association

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Psychoanalytic pateints are invited to relate w/e comes into their minds during the analytic session, and not to censor their thoughts

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Resistance

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the blocking from conscious of anxiety-laden material

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Transferance

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the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships

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Active listening

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empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies a future of Rogers client centered therapy

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Genuineness

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Pure, authentic

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Acceptance

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Accepting, approval

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Empathy

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the attribution of one's own feelings to an object

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Counter Conditioning

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Conditions new response to stimuli that triggers unwanted behaviors based on classical conditioning

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Exposure therpay

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a form of behavior therapy in which a survivor confronts feelings or phobias or anxieties about a traumatic events and releives it in the therapy situation

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Systematic Desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasurant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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Anxiety treatment that progressivly exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as air plane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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Adversive Conditioning

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Counter-Conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

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Biomedical Therapy

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psychological interventions that focus on the reduction of symptoms associated with psychological disorders. Three procedures used are:drug therapiesm electroconvulsive treatment, and psychosurgery

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Psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties

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Electric Approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that depening on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychotherapy Intergration

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relationship between theory and technique

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freuds therapeutic technique for helping people release previously repressed feelings and gain insight into current conflicts. Clinicians working from the psychoanalytic perspective try to help people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorders, work through the accompanying feelings, and take responsibility for their own growth

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Psychodynamic Therpay

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has been influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but is briefer and less expensive. A therapist focusses on a patients current conflicts and defenses by searching for themes common to many past and present important relationships

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Interpersonal Therapy

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deals primarily with current symptoms rather than the origins of unconscious conflicts

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Humanistic Therapists

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focus on clients present and future experiences, on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts and on taking responsibily for ones feelings and actions

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Client Centered Therapy

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proposed that therapists most important contributions are to function as a psychological mirror through active listening and to provide a growth fostering environment of unconditonal positive reguard, characterized by genuiness, acceptance, and empathy

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Counter conditioning

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type of therapy based on the principles of classical conditioning that attempts to replace bad or unpleasant emotional responses to a stimulus with more pleasant, adaptive responses. For example, do you remember the case of Little Albert - the boy that John Watson conditioned to fear little white rats? Well, if Watson attempted to "uncondition" the fear response to the rats, he would be engaging in counterconditioning - attempting to replace the unpleasant response (fear) to the rats with a more pleasant response (happiness).

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Cognitive therapies

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is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do.

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Group Therapy

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group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group.

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Family Therapy

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is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members.

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Psychotherapy can be effective for 3 reasons:

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They tend to enter therpay in crisis, they need to believe their time and expense were justified and they try to find some thing positive to say when asked to evaluate their therapist

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When do clients enter therpay?

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When they are unhappy, leave it when they are less happy and stay in touch only if satisfied with the treatment they received. So clinicans are mostly aware of other therapists failures, not their own

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Statistical Digests

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reveal that people who remain untreated often improve, but those who receive psycho therapy are more likely to improve and also to spend less time and money seeking other medical treatment later.

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EMDR

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many attribute to the placebo effect. People with seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression linked to periods of decreased sunlight, light exposure therapy has been proven effective by scientific research

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Therapeutic Alliance

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the emotional ban between the therapist and the client

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Anti-psychotic Drugs

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dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, and have been used effectivily to treat schizophrenia accompanied by possitive symptoms.

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A-typical Antipsychotics

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target D1 receptors, can affect metabolism, increasing the risk of obesity and diabetes

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Anti-Anxiety Drugs

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depress central nervous system activity are often used in combination w/ psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety disorders. These drugs can be addictive psychologically and physically

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Anti Depressants

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increase the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, which elevate arousal and mood.

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Stabilizing Moods

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a few drugs, such as lithium for bipolar disorder, have proven very effective

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ECT

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a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patients

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TMS

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pulses of magnetic energy that is sent through the skull to the surface of the cortex stimulate or dampen activity in various brain areas

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Lobatomy

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crude and irreversible procedure in which surgical instruments were inserted through a patients eye sockets to sever connections running to the frontal lobes of the brain, with the intent of calming uncontrollably emotional or violent patients